Artificial intelligence in Nuclear Medicine Physics and Imaging.

No one can deny the significant impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on everyday life, especially in the health sector where it has emerged as a crucial and beneficial tool in Nuclear Medicine (NM) and molecular imaging. The objective of this review is to provide a summary of the various applications of AI in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), with or without anatomical information (CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)). This review analyzes subsets of AI, such as machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), and elaborates on their applications in NM imaging (NMI) physics, including the generation of attenuation maps, estimation of scattered events, depth of interaction (DOI), time of flight (TOF), NM image reconstruction (optimization of the reconstruction algorithm), and low dose imaging.

HER-2 breast cancer treatment induced mediastinal sarcoid like reaction depicted on F-FDG PET/CT.

This is a case of a woman with breast cancer, who developed mediastinal sarcoid-like reaction, depicted on PET/CT, which was histologically confirmed, following treatment with trastuzumab and pertuzumab. The development of noncaseating granulomas in patients who do not fulfill the criteria for systemic sarcoidosis is known as sarcoid-like reaction, having been described in association with trastuzumab in a few case reports, but none with pertuzumab. Physicians should be aware of the potentially higher rate of sarcoid-like reaction in patients receiving HER-2 treatment.

Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Alert Finding in an Esophageal Cancer Patient.

Emergency pathologies often accompany malignancies. We herein report a case of pulmonary abscess in a patient with esophageal cancer which was depicted during the F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) staging study. The patient's history of recent dilatation of the cancer stenosis in adjunct to the previous CT lung imaging, which was normal, made evident the diagnosis of the pulmonary abscess due to the perforation of the esophageal neoplasm.

False-Positive 18F-PSMA-1007 and True-Negative 18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT Splenic Hemangioma.

A 62-year-old man with prostate cancer underwent both F-PSMA-1007 and F-fluorocholine PET/CT studies for biochemical recurrence. F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT outperformed F-fluorocholine PET/CT in detecting lymph node metastases in the pelvis and retroperitoneum, whereas the former showed a focus of increased uptake in the spleen not seen on F-fluorocholine. The F-PSMA-1007 -avid lesion corresponded to a splenic hemangioma, which was initially detected in an MRI scan 10 years ago, unchanged in size.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the role of selenium. Current concepts.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is part of the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clinical manifestations of HT are variable and commonly include diffuse or nodular goiter with euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and permanent hypothyroidism. Uncommonly, HT causes acute destruction of thyroid tissue and release of stored thyroid hormones, causing transient thyrotoxicosis (hashitoxicosis).