Fusion of the 2nd with the 3rd Cervical Vertebrae (C2-C3): A Case Series with Possible Clinical Significance.

Purpose: The current case series describes three cases of fusion between the 2nd cervical vertebra, the axis (C2), and the 3rd cervical vertebra (C3), creating a C2-C3 osseous complex and highlighting its morphological type of fusion (partial or complete) and morphometric details. The developmental background of this complex is emphasized, pointing out the possible clinical significance.

Materials And Methods: The osseous complexes were derived from disarticulated skeletons of body donors and were collected from the osseous collection of the Anatomy Department of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

Physical Activity Level Alterations Due to the Lockdowns: A Multi-Center Greek University-Based Study.

Objective: This cross-sectional study determines the impact of the pandemic lockdowns on physical activity, and evaluates the factors associated with physical activity cessation on students and personnel of eight Greek Higher Education Institutions.

Materials And Methods: A total of 6,380 volunteer participants completed a survey reporting their physical activity levels and perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was made available through an online platform.

A morphological study on the sphenoid bone ligaments' ossification pattern.

Purpose: The sphenoid bone (SB) extracranial ligaments (ECRLs) are the pterygoalar and pterygospinous ligaments (PTAL and PTSL) that are located at the SB lateral pterygoid plate, and inferior to the foramen ovale (FO). Their ossification may affect the mandibular nerve's distribution. The intracranial ligaments' (ICRLs) ossification (the caroticoclinoid ligament-CCLL, the anterior and posterior interclinoid ligaments-AICLL and PICLL) may impede the approaches to the sella.

Median artery persistence in coexistence with a bifid median nerve and interconnections of the median with the ulnar nerve and vice versa.

Purpose: This report describes a bilateral persistent median artery (PMA) originating from the ulnar artery and terminating at different levels of the upper limb. The PMA coexisted with a bilateral bifid median nerve (MN) and two bilateral interconnections (ICs characterized with the symbol -) of the MN with the ulnar nerve (UN) (MN-UN) and a unilateral reverse IC (UN-MN). Emphasis was given to the artery's developmental background.

The Brachiocephalic Trunk Variant Origin and High-Riding Course: Two Cadaveric Cases.

Objective: The current report describes two rare cadaveric findings of a left sided brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) in relation to the trachea, and its high-riding course above the suprasternal notch (SN).

Cases Description: In two elderly body donors dissected after death, a left-sided BCT was identified with a high-riding course (0.5 and 0.

The axillary artery high bifurcation: coexisting variants and clinical significance.

Several branching patterns of the axillary artery (AA) have been described. Unusually, the brachial artery (BA) follows a course in front of the median nerve (MN), the so-called superficial brachial artery (SBA). The SBA may result in MN entrapment.

A Hypertrophic Anterior Scalene Muscle and the Passage of a Subclavian Artery Through its Fibres: The Location of Possible Entrapment.

Objective: The presence of cervical ribs, 1st rib anomalies, cervical muscle hypertrophy and repetitive motion are possible aetiologies of subclavian artery (SCA) entrapment and/or compression. Thoracic outlet syndrome of the arterial type may appear with symptoms of hand pain due to the aneurismal part of the compressed SCA. The current cadaveric case describes a hypertrophic right-sided anterior scalene muscle (ASM) and the possible entrapment of the right SCA (RSCA) passing through its fibres.

A rare bilateral variant of the coracobrachialis muscle with supernumerary heads and coexisted variant branching patterns of the brachial plexus and the axillary artery.

Purpose: The study report describes a rare bilateral variant of a six- and five-headed coracobrachialis muscle (CB). The musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) (bilaterally) and the median nerve (MN) lateral root (unilaterally) pierced CB heads, separating superficial from deep heads.

Methods: The variant bilateral CB was identified in a 78-year-old formalin-embalmed male cadaver, derived from a body donation program after a signed informed consent.