Vitamin D, parathormone, and insulin resistance in children born large for gestational age.

Background: Low vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels have been associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Children born large for gestational age (LGA) may exhibit increased indices of insulin resistance early in life.

Objective: This study aims to prospectively examine serum 25(OH)D and parathormone (iPTH) levels in LGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) prepubertal children, in relation to the severity of macrosomia and insulin resistance.

Growth factors and adipocytokines in prepubertal children born small for gestational age: relation to insulin resistance.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test whether being born small for gestational age (SGA) has an impact on adiponectin and leptin levels and the IGF system in relation to insulin sensitivity, taking into consideration the severity of growth restriction.

Research Design And Methods: Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, fasting glucose, fasting insulin (I(F)), the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), IGF-1, free IGF-1, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and -3, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated in 57 children at age 4-10 years. Of these, 32 had been born appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) and 25 SGA (14 in the <3rd percentile and 11 in the 3rd-10th percentile).

Urinary mineral excretion in preterm neonates during the first month of life.

Background: Estimation of urinary parameters in preterm infants is a useful method for identifying metabolic derangements.

Objectives: A prospective, longitudinal, hospital-based study was designed to examine the variability and the associations in renal excretion of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P) and sodium (Na) in formula-fed preterm infants during the first month of life.

Patients: Thirty-four infants <32 weeks gestational age, clinically stable, not receiving nephrotoxic drugs.

Tubular disorders in low birth weight neonates after prolonged antibiotic treatment.

Background: Aminoglycosides (AGs) and vancomycin (VM) are potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics and their co-administration increases the incidence of nephrotoxicity in adult patients. Their combined effects on renal function in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants (<1,000 g) have not been previously reported.

Objectives: Investigation of tubular disturbances in five ELBW neonates following repeated and prolonged treatment with a variety of AGs combined with VM.

Serum adiponectin levels, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in children born small for gestational age are affected by the severity of growth retardation at birth.

Objective: Insulin resistance has been linked to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR); adiponectin is a protein with insulin-sensitizing properties. This study was designed to test whether being born small for gestational age (SGA) has an effect on blood levels of adiponectin and leptin, insulin resistance parameters, and lipid profile in pre-puberty, taking into consideration the severity of IUGR.

Methods: Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, total cholesterol (t-CHOL), high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A-1 (Apo A-1), Apo B and Apo E, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), fasting glucose, and insulin (Ins), the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and anthropometric indices were evaluated in 70 children aged 6-8 years, born appropriate for gestational age (AGA; n = 35) and SGA (n = 35), matched for age, gender, height, and BMI.

Lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, and obesity-anthropometric markers in macrosomic offspring of nondiabetic mothers.

Objective: The study was to determine whether being the macrosomic offspring of a mother without detected glucose intolerance during pregnancy has an impact on lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, and blood pressure during childhood.

Research Design And Methods: Plasma total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol; triglycerides; apolipoprotein (Apo) A-1, -B, and -E; lipoprotein (a); fasting glucose and insulin; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index; blood pressure; BMI; and detailed anthropometry were evaluated in 85 children aged 3-10 years old, born appropriate for gestational age (AGA; n = 48) and large for gestational age (LGA; n = 37) of healthy mothers.

Results: At the time of the assessment, body weight, height, skinfold thickness, BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure did not differ between the LGA and AGA groups with the exception of head circumference (P < 0.