Microarrays and microneedle arrays for delivery of peptides, proteins, vaccines and other applications.

Introduction: Peptide and protein microarray and microneedle array technology provides direct information on protein function and potential drug targets in drug discovery and delivery. Because of this unique ability, these arrays are well suited for protein profiling, drug target identification/validation and studies of protein interaction, biochemical activity, immune responses, clinical prognosis and diagnosis and for gene, protein and drug delivery.

Areas Covered: The aim of this review is to describe and summarize past and recent developments of microarrays in their construction, characterization and production and applications of microneedles in drug delivery.

Chiral cardiovascular drugs: an overview.

Stereochemistry in drug molecules is rapidly becoming an important aspect in drug research, design, and development. Recently, individual stereoisomers of drug molecules with asymmetric centers such as fexofenadine, cetirizine, verapamil, fluoxetine, levalbutarol, and amphetamine, for example, have been separated and developed as individual drugs. These stereoisomers have different therapeutic activity, and each isomer has contributed differently with respect to its formulation's pharmacologic activity, side effects, and toxicity.

The effect of magnesium sulfate on action potential duration and cardiac arrhythmias.

To evaluate the electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects, Mg was infused at 15 mg/h (n = 5) or an equal volume of saline (1.2 mL/h) (n = 5) and electrocardiogram and action potential duration (APD) recorded every 15 minutes. Rats were anesthetized with 70 mg/kg pentobarbital intraperitoneally.