Biomarkers: Promising Tools Towards the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Myopia.

The prevalence of myopia, especially high myopia, continues to increase in several parts of the world. Thus, the use of biomarkers for early myopia detection would be highly valuable for clinical practice aiding in the prevention and myopia control management. The identification of biomarkers that can predict the risk of myopia development, severity of myopia, and treatment response are of paramount significance.

Data sharing implementation in top 10 ophthalmology journals in 2021.

Background/aims: Deidentified individual participant data (IPD) sharing has been implemented in the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors journals since 2017. However, there were some published clinical trials that did not follow the new implemented policy. This study examines the number of clinical trials that endorsed IPD sharing policy among top ophthalmology journals.

Recent evidence of economic evaluation of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology.

Purpose Of Review: Health economic evaluation (HEE) is essential for assessing value of health interventions, including artificial intelligence. Recent approaches, current challenges, and future directions of HEE of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology are reviewed.

Recent Findings: Majority of recent HEEs of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology were for diabetic retinopathy screening.

Cost-Utility Analysis of Deep Learning and Trained Human Graders for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening in a Nationwide Program.

Introduction: Deep learning (DL) for screening diabetic retinopathy (DR) has the potential to address limited healthcare resources by enabling expanded access to healthcare. However, there is still limited health economic evaluation, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, on this subject to aid decision-making for DL adoption.

Methods: In the context of a middle-income country (MIC), using Thailand as a model, we constructed a decision tree-Markov hybrid model to estimate lifetime costs and outcomes of Thailand's national DR screening program via DL and trained human graders (HG).

The Roles of Vitamins in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Narrative Review.

There have been attempts to evaluate the roles of vitamins for the prevention or treatment of eye conditions, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Regarding DR, two main groups of studies can be identified. The first group focuses on the association between serum levels of an individual vitamin and DR.

Pharmacological Treatment in Presbyopia.

Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia may be an alternative for those who want a spectacle-free scenario and an easy-to-use method with lower risk of irreversible ocular adverse events. There are two main agents, miotics and lens softeners, investigated as agents for the pharmacological treatment. Miotic agents treat presbyopia by creating a pinhole effect which may increase the depth of focus at all working distances.

Economic Evaluations of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to cause significant medical quality enhancements and cost-saving improvements in ophthalmology. Although there has been a rapid growth of studies on AI in the recent years, real-world adoption of AI is still rare. One reason may be because the data derived from economic evaluations of AI in health care, which policy makers used for adopting new technology, have been fragmented and scarce.

Longitudinal Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy in a Nationwide Screening Program: Comparing Deep Learning and Human Graders.

Objective: To evaluate diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening via deep learning (DL) and trained human graders (HG) in a longitudinal cohort, as case spectrum shifts based on treatment referral and new-onset DR.

Methods: We randomly selected patients with diabetes screened twice, two years apart within a nationwide screening program. The reference standard was established via adjudication by retina specialists.