The epidemiology of travel-related Salmonella Enteritidis in Ontario, Canada, 2010-2011.

Background: Increases in the number of salmonellosis cases due to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in 2010 and 2011 prompted a public health investigation in Ontario, Canada. In this report, we describe the current epidemiology of travel-related (TR) SE, compare demographics, symptoms and phage types (PTs) of TR and domestically-acquired (DA) cases, and estimate the odds of acquiring SE by region of the world visited.

Methods: All incident cases of culture confirmed SE in Ontario obtained from isolates and specimens submitted to public health laboratories were included in this study.

The osmotically and histamine-induced enhancement of the plasma vasopressin level is diminished by intracerebroventricularly administered orexin in rats.

The effects of the centrally administered neuropeptides orexin-A on water intake and vasopressin (VP) secretion were studied in male Wistar rats (180-250 g). Different doses (10, 30, and 90 μg/10 μl) of the orexins and the specific orexin receptor-1 (OX(1)) antagonist SB 408124 (30 μg/10 μl) were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.

Historical public health in central europe with special reference to hungary. Long-term environmental effects of a historical cataclysm.

Hungary, in the centre of Carpathian basin grapples with numerous challenges in order to improve catastrophic indices of environmental conditions of the country, as well as the state of health of the population. Some of these problems are subjects of financial and health policy, and can be solved internally. The remaining environmental problems can only be remedied by cooperation with neighbouring younger countries.

Effects of orexin-monoaminergic interactions on oxytocin secretion in rat neurohypophyseal cell cultures.

The effects of orexin-monoaminergic compound interactions on oxytocin release were studied in 14-day rat neurohypophyseal cell cultures prepared by an enzymatic dissociation technique. The oxytocin contents of the supernatants were determined by radioimmunoassay. Following the administration of orexin-A or orexin-B in increasing doses, significant changes were not observed in the oxytocin content of the supernatant media.

New dimensions of interneuronal specialization unmasked by principal cell heterogeneity.

Although the diversity of neocortical and hippocampal GABAergic interneurons is recognized in terms of their anatomical, molecular and functional properties, principal cells are usually assumed to constitute homogenous populations. However, even within a single layer, subpopulations of principal cells can often be differentiated by their distinct long-range projection targets. Such subpopulations of principal cells can have different local connection properties and excitatory inputs, forming subnetworks that may serve as separate information-processing channels.

Ivy and neurogliaform interneurons are a major target of μ-opioid receptor modulation.

μ-Opioid receptors (μORs) are selectively expressed on interneurons in area CA1 of the hippocampus. Fast-spiking, parvalbumin-expressing, basket cells express μORs, but circumstantial evidence suggests that another major, unidentified, GABAergic cell class must also be modulated by μORs. Here we report that the abundant, dendritically targeting, neurogliaform family of cells (Ivy and neurogliaform cells) is a previously unrecognized target of direct modulation by μORs.

The effects of orexins on monoaminerg-induced changes in vasopressin level in rat neurohypophyseal cell cultures.

The effects of orexin-monoaminergic compound interactions on vasopressin release were studied in 14-day neurohypophyseal cell cultures from adult rats, prepared by an enzymatic dissociation technique. The vasopressin contents of the supernatants were determined by radioimmunoassay. Following administration of either orexin-A or orexin-B in increasing doses, significant changes were not observed in the vasopressin levels of the supernatant media.

The clinical spectrum of nodular heterotopias in children: report of 31 patients.

Purpose: The phenotypic and etiologic spectrum in adults with nodular heterotopias (NHs) has been well characterized. However, there are no large pediatric case series. We, therefore, wanted to review the clinical features of NHs in our population.

Balneoprevention: new approaches.

The present study outlines a strategy for studying application of balneotreatment in preventive medicine (balneoprevention). Prophylactic use of spa treatment and mineral water consumption can be studied using epidemiological methods in the involved population. Calculated toxicological risk of balneological treatment can be decreased by performing a complete chemical analysis (including high performance organic analyses) and specific toxicity tests of medicinal water and mud (peloid) samples.

Differential distribution of KCC2 along the axo-somato-dendritic axis of hippocampal principal cells.

The neuron-specific potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) plays a crucial role in adjusting intracellular Cl(-) concentrations. The lack of KCC2 in the plasma membrane of the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal cells contributes to variable reversal potentials for perisomatic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor-mediated postsynaptic potentials, but the distribution of KCC2 in pyramidal dendrites remains to be established. We applied high-resolution pre-embedding immunolocalization to quantify KCC2 concentrations along dendritic, somatic and axonal regions of rat hippocampal principal cells.

New light on the anti-colitic actions of therapeutic aminosalicylates: the role of heme oxygenase.

Although a variety of pharmaceutical preparations of aminosalicylate are commonly used in the clinic for the control of inflammatory bowel disease, the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic actions remain unclear. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), regarded as the active moiety in aminosalicylate preparations such as sulfasalazine, can induce the heat shock protein, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and up-regulate HO enzyme activity in the colon. As HO-1 can produce endogenous anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory moieties such as bilirubin and carbon monoxide (CO), these findings suggest a novel mechanism of action for aminosalicylates, acting as anti-colitic agents through the up-regulation of HO-1 enzyme expression and activity.

Granule cells in the CA3 area.

A fundamental property of neuronal networks in Ammon's horn is that each area comprises a single glutamatergic cell population and various types of GABAergic neurons. Here we describe an exception to this rule, in the form of granule cells that reside within the CA3 area and function as glutamatergic nonprincipal cells with distinct properties. CA3 granule cells in normal, healthy rats, similarly to dentate gyrus granule cells, coexpressed calbindin and the homeobox protein Prox1.

Target-selective GABAergic control of entorhinal cortex output.

The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is a major center for spatial navigation and memory. We found that cannabinoid type 1 receptor-expressing GABAergic basket cells selectively innervated principal cells in layer II of the rat MEC that projected outside the hippocampus but avoided neighboring cells that give rise to the perforant pathway to the dentate gyrus. These results indicate that the organization of GABAergic microcircuits reflects the long-distance axonal targets of principal neurons.

Carbon nanotubes induce granulomas but not mesotheliomas.

Background: Different types of carbon nanotubes may represent toxic hazards due to their size distribution and massive surface area. They may adsorb other toxic agents that can consequently be transported into the body. Hence the aim of this study was to confirm or reject the hypothesis of carcinogenicity of two types of carbon nanotubes.

Inhibitory effect of galanin on adrenaline- and noradrenaline-induced increased oxytocin secretion in rat neurohypophyseal cell cultures.

The effects of the interactions between the 29 amino acid-containing peptide galanin and adrenaline or noradrenaline on the secretion of oxytocin were studied in 13- to 14-day cultures of isolated rat neurohypophyseal tissue. The alpha-receptor antagonist corynanthine blocked the adrenaline-induced increase of oxytocin secretion. When the beta-receptor antagonist propranolol was added before the noradrenaline treatment, the antagonist prevented the noradrenaline-induced enhancement of oxytocin release.

Protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning on ischaemia/reperfusion-induced microvascular obstruction determined by on-line measurements of coronary pressure and blood flow in pigs.

We investigated the protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning (IP) on the maintenance of coronary patency using on-line measurements of coronary pressures and blood flow in a closed-chest reperfused acute myocardial infarction (MI) model in pigs. Catheter-based 90-min occlusion followed by 60-min reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was performed in anesthetised pigs (MI group). IP was applied (IP group) through two cycles of 5-min occlusion and 5-min reperfusion of the LAD before MI induction.

Regulation of cortical microcircuits by unitary GABA-mediated volume transmission.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is predominantly released by local interneurons in the cerebral cortex to particular subcellular domains of the target cells. This suggests that compartmentalized, synapse-specific action of GABA is required in cortical networks for phasic inhibition. However, GABA released at the synaptic cleft diffuses to receptors outside the postsynaptic density and thus tonically activates extrasynaptic GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors, which include subtypes of both receptor families especially sensitive to low concentrations of GABA.

[Ethical relationship in Primary Health Care: the experience of medical students].

The ethical formation of doctors involves professional relationships that are part of their daily routine, and in this context, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (Famema) provides the medical students to live deeply since the beginning of the course at the Education Unit of Professional Practice, the ethical reflection of the actions in health when developing abilities in the Primary Health Care (PHC) together with the community. This scientific research analyzed the perception of academics of medicine on the first and second years concerning ethical actions in health developed together with the community. The qualitative approach was the option of analysis of this study that allowed the construction of three empirical categories common to the two years: The ethical and professional training in PHC's reality; Confidentiality of information on the development of medical professional secrecy; interpersonal relationships on ethical formation of medicine students, with more predominance of the second category among the first years students.

[Working in multiprofessional teams: the perspectives of family health residents].

Brazilian medical residency is increasingly specializing physicians in his practices undervaluing the multiprofessional practices that guide the integrality in health. Aiming at changing this practice, the multiprofessional residency in family health was proposed to prepare professionals searching for a comprehensive health care to the general public. In this context, in 2003, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília started this residency program having as the main idea the multiprofessional work in family health teams.

Effects of galanin-monoaminergic interactions on vasopressin secretion in rat neurohypophyseal cell cultures.

The effects of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), histamine (HA), adrenaline (ADR), noradrenaline (NADR) and K(+) administration on vasopressin (VP) secretion were studied in 13-14-day cultures of rat neurohypophyseal (NH) cells, and it was examined whether galanin (GAL) can modify the VP release enhancement induced by these monoaminergic compounds. An enzymatic dissociation technique was used to make the rat NH cell cultures. The VP contents of the supernatants of 14-day cultures were determined by radioimmunoassay.

Associations between reported on-farm antimicrobial use practices and observed antimicrobial resistance in generic fecal Escherichia coli isolated from Alberta finishing swine farms.

Multilevel random intercept logistic and Poisson regression were used to model associations between various antimicrobial use practices and resistance to individual and multiple antimicrobials among generic fecal Escherichia coli isolated from Alberta finishing swine. In-feed antimicrobial use in finishers was significantly associated with increased risk of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole in generic E. coli isolates.

Associations among antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates from 60 Alberta finishing swine farms.

The study objectives were to identify potential associations between reported antimicrobial use (AMU) practices and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of fecal and environmental Salmonella spp. isolates (n = 322 isolates) recovered from 60 Alberta finishing swine farms, and to estimate the amount of pen and farm level variation in AMR. The AMU data were collected through a questionnaire.

Output of neurogliaform cells to various neuron types in the human and rat cerebral cortex.

Neurogliaform cells in the rat elicit combined GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated postsynaptic responses on cortical pyramidal cells and establish electrical synapses with various interneuron types. However, the involvement of GABAB receptors in postsynaptic effects of neurogliaform cells on other GABAergic interneurons is not clear. We measured the postsynaptic effects of neurogliaform cells in vitro applying simultaneous whole-cell recordings in human and rat cortex.