Common microgeographical selection patterns revealed in four European conifers.

Microgeographical adaptation occurs when the effects of directional selection persist despite gene flow. Traits and genetic loci under selection can then show adaptive divergence, against the backdrop of little differentiation at other traits or loci. How common such events are and how strong the selection is that underlies them remain open questions.

Qualitative and quantitative resistances to leaf rust finely mapped within two nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR)-rich genomic regions of chromosome 19 in poplar.

• R(US) is a major dominant gene controlling quantitative resistance, inherited from Populus trichocarpa, whereas R(1) is a gene governing qualitative resistance, inherited from P. deltoides. • Here, we report a reiterative process of concomitant fine-scale genetic and physical mapping guided by the P.