Neuroprotection by Cerebrolysin and Citicoline Through the Upregulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Expression in the Affected Neural Cells: A Preliminary Clue Obtained Through an In Vitro Study.

Objectives: Citicoline and cerebrolysin are two unique yet contentious medications because of inconsistencies in efficacy as well as the mystery surrounding their mode of action. The current study aimed to re-validate the neuroprotective benefits of these medications and investigate the possible molecular mechanism.

Methods: Neuro-2A cells were exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide, a consistent in vitro model of neuronal damage caused by oxidative stress.

Effectiveness of Minimally Invasive Hybrid Surgery for Ileal Interposition (MIHSII) for the Resolution of Type 2 Diabetes.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of minimally invasive hybrid surgery for ileal interposition (MIHSII), a novel procedure for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in patients with a body mass index (BMI) <30 kg⁄m(2).

Materials And Methods: MIHSII is an innovative technique in which sleeve gastrectomy is performed laparoscopically, followed by extracorporeal ileal interposition performed through a 5-cm midline incision. The procedure was performed on 31 T2DM patients, 17 males and 14 females.