Effects of low temperature on growth and metabolism of larval green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) across early ontogeny.

Southern Distinct Population Segment (sDPS) green sturgeon spawn solely in one stretch of the Sacramento River in California. Management of this spawning habitat is complicated by cold water temperature requirements for the conservation of winter-run Chinook salmon. This study assessed whether low incubation and rearing temperatures resulted in carryover effects across embryo to early juvenile life stages on scaling relationships in growth and metabolism in northern DPS green sturgeon used as a proxy for sDPS green sturgeon.

The effect of temperature on specific dynamic action of juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon, .

Juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon () in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin experience temporally and spatially heterogenous temperature regimes, between cool upper tributaries and the warm channelized Delta, during freshwater rearing and outmigration. Limited water resources necessitate human management of dam releases, allowing temperature modifications. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on specific dynamic action (SDA), or the metabolic cost associated with feeding and digestion, which is thought to represent a substantial portion of fish energy budgets.

Ru -Acylimido Intermediate in [Ru (Por)Cl ]-Catalyzed C-N Bond Formation: Spectroscopic Characterization, Reactivity, and Catalytic Reactions.

Metal-catalyzed C-N bond formation reactions via acylnitrene transfer have recently attracted much attention, but direct detection of the proposed acylnitrenoid/acylimido M(NCOR) (R=aryl or alkyl) species in these reactions poses a formidable challenge. Herein, we report on Ru(NCOR) intermediates in C-N bond formation catalyzed by [Ru (Por)Cl ]/N COR, a catalytic method applicable to aziridine/oxazoline formation from alkenes, amination of substituted indoles, α-amino ketone formation from silyl enol ethers, amination of C(sp )-H bonds, and functionalization of natural products and carbohydrate derivatives (up to 99 % yield). Experimental studies, including HR-ESI-MS and EPR measurements, coupled with DFT calculations, lend evidence for the formulation of the Ru(NCOR) acylnitrenoids as a Ru -imido species.

Total Synthesis of Cryptotrione.

The total synthesis of cryptotrione (1) was enabled by substrate-controlled diastereoselective construction of the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexene framework through platinum-catalyzed enyne cycloisomerization and Lewis acid induced polyene cyclization to construct the abietane-type tricyclic diterpene skeleton.

Highly Enantioselective Synthesis Using Prolinol as a Chiral Auxiliary: Silver-Mediated Synthesis of Axially Chiral Vinylallenes and Subsequent (Hetero)-Diels-Alder Reactions.

Using ()-prolinol as a chiral auxiliary, axially chiral vinylallenes with excellent enantiopurity (up to >99% enantiomeric excess (ee)) were readily prepared from optically pure propargylamines in the presence of AgNO under microwave irradiation. Subsequent (hetero)-Diels-Alder reaction of these axially chiral vinylallenes with azodicarboxylates or maleimides on water demonstrates excellent axial-to-point chirality transfer (up to 99% ee).

Gold and silver catalysis: from organic transformation to bioconjugation.

This review focuses on gold (including gold(I) and gold(III) complexes, and gold nanoparticles) and silver(I) catalysis, including aerobic oxidation, activation of C-H bonds and activation of C-C multiple bonds, and their applications in the modification of biomolecules, including oligosaccharides, peptides and polypeptides, reported since the year 2000. Because of the high carbophilicity of gold and silver compounds, gold or silver-catalysed/mediated organic transformations feature high functional group tolerance, excellent regio-, diastereo- or enantioselectivity and/or high product turnover numbers under mild reaction conditions.

Elevated catalytic activity of ruthenium(II)-porphyrin-catalyzed carbene/nitrene transfer and insertion reactions with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.

Bis(NHC)ruthenium(II)-porphyrin complexes were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Owing to the strong donor strength of axial NHC ligands in stabilizing the trans M=CRR'/M=NR moiety, these complexes showed unprecedently high catalytic activity towards alkene cyclopropanation, carbene C-H, N-H, S-H, and O-H insertion, alkene aziridination, and nitrene C-H insertion with turnover frequencies up to 1950 min(-1). The use of chiral [Ru(D4-Por)(BIMe)2] (1 g) as a catalyst led to highly enantioselective carbene/nitrene transfer and insertion reactions with up to 98% ee.

Gold-mediated selective cysteine modification of peptides using allenes.

A new approach for selective modification of cysteine-containing peptides through gold-mediated oxidative allene-thiol coupling reaction in aqueous medium is developed.

A spuriously 'normal' haemoglobin A1c result.

We report a case of spuriously 'normal' haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) result due to misidentification of HbG Taipei as HbAo by the Variant II built-in retention time algorithm. The defect was circumvented effectively by the implementation of a chromatographic system specific internal quality control mechanism for peak identity verification. HbA1c and estimated average glucose results were corrected from 4.

Highly selective intramolecular carbene insertion into primary C-H bond of α-diazoacetamides mediated by a (p-cymene)ruthenium(II) carboxylate complex.

Complex [(p-cymene)Ru(η(1)-O(2)CCF(3))(2)(OH(2))] mediated transformation of α-diazoacetamides ArCH(2)N(C(CH(3))(3))C(O)CHN(2) to result in carbene insertion into the primary C-H bond exclusively, with the γ-lactam products being isolated in up to 98% yield. This unexpected reaction is striking in view of the presence of usually more reactive sites such as secondary C-H bonds in the substrates. DFT calculations based on proposed Ru-carbene species provide insight into this unique selectivity.

Gold-mediated bifunctional modification of oligosaccharides via a three-component coupling reaction.

An efficient modular approach for single-site incorporation of two independent functionalities (amines and alkynes) into aldehyde-containing oligosaccharides concurrently by using a one-pot gold-mediated three-component coupling reaction in aqueous medium under mild conditions has been developed.

Selective functionalisation of saturated C-H bonds with metalloporphyrin catalysts.

The recent surge of interest in metal-catalysed C-H bond functionalisation reactions reflects the importance of such reactions in biomimetic studies and organic synthesis. This critical review focuses on metalloporphyrin-catalysed saturated C-H bond functionalisation reported since the year 2000, including C-O, C-N and C-C bond formation via hydroxylation, amination and carbenoid insertion, respectively, together with a brief description of previous achievements in this area. Among the metalloporphyrin-catalysed reactions highlighted herein are the hydroxylation of steroids, cycloalkanes and benzylic hydrocarbons; intermolecular amination of steroids, cycloalkanes and benzylic or allylic hydrocarbons; intramolecular amination of sulfamate esters and organic azides; intermolecular carbenoid insertion into benzylic, allylic or alkane C-H bonds; and intramolecular carbenoid C-H insertion of tosylhydrazones.

Silver(I)-mediated highly enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral allenes under thermal and microwave-assisted conditions.

Silver(I) salts mediated stereospecific transformation of optically active propargylamines to axially chiral allenes with excellent enantioselectivities (17 examples with 96-99% ee; one substrate with 91% ee) without subsequent racemization.

Bromadiolone toxicokinetics: diagnosis and treatment implications.

Introduction: Ingestion of bromadiolone can lead to prolonged and life-threatening coagulopathy. Traditional treatment of bromadiolone intoxication relies on the coagulation profile. Currently, there is scanty information on bromadiolone elimination kinetics and half-life.

Gold-catalyzed highly enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral allenes.

Axially chiral allenes are synthesized from chiral propargylamines catalyzed by KAuCl4 in high yields (up to 93% yield) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee) in CH3CN at 40 degrees C. The reaction has been applied to the synthesis of novel allene-modified artemisinin derivatives with the delicate endoperoxide moieties remaining intact. A tentative mechanism regarding gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular hydride transfer was proposed on the basis of deuterium-labeling experiments and ESI-MS analysis of the reaction mixture.

Gold(III) Salen complex-catalyzed synthesis of propargylamines via a three-component coupling reaction.

[reaction: see text] Propargylamines have been synthesized by a gold(III) salen complex-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes in water in excellent yields at 40 degrees C. With chiral prolinol derivatives as the amine component, excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1) have been attained. This coupling reaction has been applied to the synthesis of propargylamine-modified artemisinin derivatives with the delicate endoperoxide moieties remaining intact.