Tracing the Sources and Prevalence of Class 1 Integrons, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Trace Elements Using European Honey Bees.

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is essential for an effective One Health response. This study explores the efficacy of European honey bees () for biomonitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in urban areas. Class 1 integrons () are investigated as a universal AMR indicator, as well as associated cassette arrays and trace element contaminants at a city-wide scale.