New-onset sarcoidosis in a patient with long COVID.

Long COVID, often following SARS-CoV-2 infection, may stem from sustained inflammation, overlapping with autoimmune diseases like sarcoidosis. Though specific treatments lack, this link could shape future diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Comprehensive assessment of neurocognitive function, inflammation markers, and adiposity in treated HIV and control.

To compare the neurocognitive scores between persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) and persons without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and assess the relationship between neurocognition, HIV status and variables, inflammation, and body composition measures. Cross-sectional study involving 225 participants (126 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy [ART] and 99 persons without HIV). For the first time in HIV, we used Cognivue®, an food and drug administration (FDA)-approved computer-based test to assess cognitive function.

Advanced Glycation End Products Associated With Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Background: Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continue to be at increased risk of cardiometabolic complications compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the development and progression of cardiometabolic complications in the general population. Their role in HIV remains unclear.

Changes in the Fungal Marker β-D-Glucan After Antiretroviral Therapy and Association With Adiposity.

Background: Bacterial translocation in HIV is associated with inflammation and metabolic complications; few data exist on the role of fungal translocation.

Methods: A5260s was a substudy of A5257, a prospective open label randomized trial in which treatment-naïve people with HIV (PWH) were randomized to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) plus atazanavir-ritonavir (ATV/r), darunavir-ritonavir (DRV/r), or raltegravir (RAL) over 96 weeks. Baseline was assessed, and changes in β-D-glucan (BDG) were assessed at weeks 4, 24, and 96.

HIV-1 elite controllers: an immunovirological review and clinical perspectives.

HIV type 1 (HIV-1) elite controllers (ECs) represent a rare group of individuals with an ability to maintain an undetectable HIV-1 viral load overtime in the absence of previous antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms associated with this paradigm remain not clearly defined. However, loss of virological control, morbidity and mortality persist in these individuals, such as progress to AIDS-defining conditions together with persistent high rate of immune activation.

Altered Intestinal Permeability and Fungal Translocation in Ugandan Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PHIVs) face a lifelong cumulative exposure to HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART). The relationship between gut integrity, microbial translocation, and inflammation in PHIV is poorly understood.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in 57 PHIVs, 59 HIV-exposed but uninfected children, and 56 HIV-unexposed and -uninfected children aged 2-10 years old in Uganda.

Advanced Glycation End Products Are Associated With Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in HIV.

Objective: To compare levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) between HIV-infected patients and uninfected controls and assess the relationship between AGEs, HIV, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.

Design: Cross-sectional study involving 90 individuals (68 HIV+ and 22 healthy controls matched by age and sex).

Methods: AGE levels were assessed using 3 different modalities: free AGEs were measured in the serum, skin autofluorescence (AF) was determined with a noninvasive reader, and dietary AGEs were estimated using 24-hour dietary recalls.

Fungal Translocation Is Associated with Immune Activation and Systemic Inflammation in Treated HIV.

The mechanisms causing HIV-associated immune activation remain incompletely understood. Alteration of intestinal integrity with subsequent translocation of bacterial products appears to play an important role; however, little is known about the impact of fungal translocation. We assessed the effect of fungal translocation and its association with immune activation in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared with uninfected controls.

Brief Report: Gut Structural Damage: an Ongoing Process in Chronically Untreated HIV Infection.

Objective: To investigate the longitudinal changes of gut structural damage in chronically untreated HIV infection.

Design: This is a 96-week prospective, single-site, cohort study of antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected participants.

Methods: Intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins (I-FABP) were used as a surrogate marker of gut structural damage.

Lower Pretreatment Gut Integrity Is Independently Associated With Fat Gain on Antiretroviral Therapy.

Background: Fat accumulation and insulin resistance remain a threat to the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The role of gut dysfunction in metabolic complications associated with ART initiation is unclear.

Methods: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected ART-naive participants were randomized to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine plus atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir (RAL).

Statin Therapy Does Not Reduce Liver Fat Scores in Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection.

Background & Aims: Therapies are needed to limit progression of fatty liver diseases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We analyzed data from a prospective study of the effects of rosuvastatin (a statin) on hepatic steatosis in HIV-positive adults.

Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data from a double-blind trial of adult patients with HIV infection (78% male; 68% African American; mean age, 46 y; body mass index, 29 kg/m; HIV1 RNA < 1000 copies/mL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, <130 mg/dL) receiving antiretroviral therapy.

Effect of statin on arginine metabolites in treated HIV-infection.

Background And Aims: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an inhibitor of nitric oxide and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We examined the effect of statin on ADMA in HIV + patients on stable ART, and whether such an effect contributes to the favorable changes on carotid intima media thickness.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of SATURN-HIV, in which HIV + adults on stable ART with HIV-1 RNA< 1000 copies/mL and LDL-cholesterol <130 mg/dL were randomized to 10 mg daily rosuvastatin or placebo.