Intranasal vs. intramuscular administration of azaperone, midazolam and ketamine in pigs.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) administrations of azaperone (3 mg kg), midazolam (0. 3 mg kg), and ketamine (7 mg kg) combination (AMK) in pigs. Study design: Randomized clinical trial.

Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization.

Introduction: Horses submitted to carbohydrate overload can develop laminitis due to changes in cecal pH and microbiota, followed by an increase in transmural absorption of luminal content, including bacterial toxins. In response to acute injury there is hepatic overproduction of several proteins known as acute phase proteins (APP). Few studies have evaluated protein fractionation to characterize the inflammatory response in acute laminitis.