Inconclusive Findings in Studies of the Link Between Media Coverage of Mass Trauma and Depression in Children.

Purpose Of Review: This paper reports a review of the empirical research examining the association between mass trauma media contact and depression in children, the factors that may influence the association, and the difficulties encountered in the study of media effects on depression.

Recent Findings: All of the included studies assessed general population samples. Pre-COVID-19 research focused primarily on television coverage alone or on multiple media forms including television, while COVID-19 media studies examined various media forms including social media.

Children's Reactions to Media Coverage of War.

Purpose Of Review: This paper reviews research on the effects of contact with war media coverage on psychological outcomes in children.

Recent Findings: Children's contact with media coverage of war is pervasive and is associated with numerous outcomes and with their parents' reactions. Younger children are more affected by news stories with visual cues, while older children are more distressed by stories about actual threat.

Serum Total Sialic Acid and Highly Sensitive C-reactive Protein: Prognostic Markers for the Diabetic Nephropathy.

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate and establish the role of total sialic acid (TSA) and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its correlation with complications such as diabetic nephropathy.

Materials And Methods: One hundred fifty-seven patients with T2DM with nephropathy (DN) and 162 patients of T2DM without nephropathy (DM) along with 165 unrelated age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Serum glucose (fasting and postprandial) levels, renal profile, and lipid profile were done as per standard protocol.

Children's Cognitive Functioning in Disasters and Terrorism.

A growing literature has begun to address the cognitions that influence children's disaster reactions as well as the effects of disasters on children's cognitions. These cognitions must be viewed in the context of developmental and cultural considerations as well as disaster-related factors such as exposure and secondary stressors. This review examines the extant literature on children's cognitions related to disasters and terrorism including threat appraisal, beliefs, attention and concentration, memory, academic achievement, and executive functioning.

Child disaster mental health interventions: therapy components.

Children face innumerable challenges following exposure to disasters. To address trauma sequelae, researchers and clinicians have developed a variety of mental health interventions. While the overall effectiveness of multiple interventions has been examined, few studies have focused on the individual components of these interventions.

Universal preventive interventions for children in the context of disasters and terrorism.

This review addresses universal disaster and terrorism services and preventive interventions delivered to children before and after an event. The article describes the organization and structure of services used to meet the needs of children in the general population (practice applications), examines screening and intervention approaches (tools for practice), and suggests future directions for the field. A literature search identified 17 empirical studies that were analyzed to examine the timing and setting of intervention delivery, providers, conditions addressed and outcomes, and intervention approaches and components.

Research Methods in Child Disaster Studies: A Review of Studies Generated by the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks; the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami; and Hurricane Katrina.

Background: A comprehensive review of the design principles and methodological approaches that have been used to make inferences from the research on disasters in children is needed.

Objective: To identify the methodological approaches used to study children's reactions to three recent major disasters-the September 11, 2001, attacks; the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami; and Hurricane Katrina.

Methods: This review was guided by a systematic literature search.

Child disaster mental health interventions, part II: Timing of implementation, delivery settings and providers, and therapeutic approaches.

This review summarizes current knowledge on the timing of child disaster mental health intervention delivery, the settings for intervention delivery, the expertise of providers, and therapeutic approaches. Studies have been conducted on interventions delivered during all phases of disaster management from pre event through many months post event. Many interventions were administered in schools which offer access to large numbers of children.

Child disaster mental health interventions, part I: Techniques, outcomes, and methodological considerations.

This review of child disaster mental health intervention studies describes the techniques used in the interventions and the outcomes addressed, and it provides a preliminary evaluation of the field. The interventions reviewed here used a variety of strategies such as cognitive behavioral approaches, exposure and narrative techniques, relaxation, coping skill development, social support, psychoeducation, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and debriefing. A diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or posttraumatic stress reactions were the most commonly addressed outcomes although other reactions such as depression, anxiety, behavior problems, fear, and/or traumatic grief also were examined.

Research methodology used in studies of child disaster mental health interventions for posttraumatic stress.

Objective: In the last decade, the development of community-based and clinical interventions to assist children and adolescents after a disaster has become an international priority. Clinicians and researchers have begun to scientifically evaluate these interventions despite challenging conditions. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the research methodology used in studies of child disaster mental health interventions for posttraumatic stress.

Experimental model of focal atrial tachycardia: clinical correlates.

Background: The mechanisms underlying focal atrial tachycardia (AT) are unclear.

Methods: In 14 pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, a right thoracotomy allowed electrical stimulation (ES) of the anterior right ganglionated plexi (ARGP). After ES was applied to the ARGP at baseline, atropine, 1 mg/cc, was injected into the ARGP and repeat stimulation applied.

Low-level transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve: a noninvasive approach to treat the initial phase of atrial fibrillation.

Background: We studied the effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation at the tragus, the anterior protuberance of the outer ear, for inhibiting atrial fibrillation (AF).

Objective: To develop a noninvasive transcutaneous approach to deliver low-level vagal nerve stimulation to the tragus in order to treat cardiac arrhythmias such as AF.

Methods: In 16 pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, multielectrode catheters were attached to pulmonary veins and atria.

Inhibition of atrial fibrillation by low-level vagus nerve stimulation: the role of the nitric oxide signaling pathway.

Purpose: We examined the role of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway in low-level vagus nerve stimulation (LLVNS)-mediated inhibition of atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods: In 17 pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, bilateral thoracotomies allowed the attachment of electrode catheters to the superior and inferior pulmonary veins and atrial appendages. Rapid atrial pacing (RAP) was maintained for 6 h.

Inducibility of atrial fibrillation after GP ablations and "autonomic blockade": evidence for the pathophysiological role of the nonadrenergic and noncholinergic neurotransmitters.

Background: Recent clinical reports that used cholinergic and adrenergic blockade (CAB) as an alternative to ganglionated plexi (GP) ablation to terminate atrial fibrillation (AF) showed mixed results. We investigated the role of other neurotransmitters in AF inducibility.

Methods: In 23 pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, a left and right thoracotomy allowed the attachment of electrode catheters to the left and right pulmonary veins and atrial appendages (AA).

The atrial neural network as a substrate for atrial fibrillation.

Background: Previously, we showed that the ganglionated plexi (GP) on the atrium can play a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). We tested the role of the atrial neural network as a substrate for AF without the influence of the GP.

Methods: In pentobarbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs, two barriers across the left/right atrial appendage (AA) divided the AA into smaller and larger areas of approximately similar size, 2 cm².