WHOQOL Pain and Discomfort Module: development and validity testing of the Italian version.

Background: The World Health Organization Quality of Life scale Pain and Discomfort Module (WHOQOL PDM) was designed to assess quality of life (QoL) in adults with chronic pain. It comprises 16 items covering four facets of pain: relief, anger/frustration, vulnerability/fear/worry, and uncertainty.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to validate the Italian version of the WHOQOL PDM.