Cultural adaptation, validation, and standardization of a developmental screening tool (ASQ-3) in Iranian children.

Objectives: This study aimed at culturally adapting, validating, and standardizing the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) by implementing a nation-wide cross-sectional methodological study in order to provide a valid and reliable tool for determining the developmental status of Iranian children.

Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional and methodological study was conducted on Iranian children between 1-66 months. The ASQ-3 tool was translated; following that, its face and content validity, as well as the cross-cultural adaptation were assessed by 51 specialists and experts in the field of pediatrics and child development.

Walking Ability, Participation, and Quality of Life in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Path Analysis Study.

Objectives: This study aims to design a conceptual model for the effect of various factors on walking ability, participation, and quality of life in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (SDCP) and test it based on field data using path analysis

Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 181 children with SDCP. The following were used to measure each of the variables: the Modified Ashworth Scale, the Micro Manual Muscle Tester, the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), the Boyd and Graham test, the goniometer, weight and height, the Gross Motor Function Classification System, the Life Habits Questionnaire, and cerebral palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children. The structural model was tested in Amos 17.

A Comparison Study of the Tehran Norms to the Reference Norms on Children Performance of the Bayley III.

Objectives: The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd ed.; Bayley III) are widely used to assess cognitive, language, and motor development of children aged 1-42 months. It is unclear whether or not the reference norms of the Bayley III are acceptable for use in other populations or lead to over- or underestimating the developmental status of target children.

Is There Any Association Between Language Acquisition and Cognitive Development in Cochlear-Implanted Children?

Objective: Different studies on normal children and children with a sensory or intellectual disability indicate a strong correlation between the child's vocabulary domain and his cognitive abilities. Based on this, the main focus of the present study was to investigate the cognitive performance of cochlear-implanted children after a cognition-based language intervention program.

Methods: In this experimental study, 60 cochlear-implanted children were selected and randomly allocated into case and control groups.

Social Determinants of Health, Maternal Involvement, and Child Development: Direct and Mediated Pathways.

Objectives: In the process of child development, a variety of factors are at play. In this regard, social determinants of health play a determining role in the development and growth of the child. This study aimed to design and test the model for social determinants of health for the development of 36-6o-month-old children in Tehran with the mediation of maternal involvement.

Underlying pathway of factors leading to mental health in Iranian young adolescents: A structural equation modeling.

Background: The present study aimed to provide a field-tested model of constituting factors affecting mental health in young Iranian adolescents.

Materials And Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a conceptual model was proposed based on an extensive literature review. A total of 254 young adolescents aged 11-14 years were recruited from north, south, east, and west regions of Tehran megacity by a random cluster sampling procedure, of whom 244 adolescents participated.

Prevalence of fundamental movement skill proficiency among Iranian children aged 2.5-14 years.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency among a sample of Iranian children.

Design: Cross sectional, representative sample of 2200 children aged 2.5-14 years (50% girls), living in Tehran in 2018.

The Psychometric Properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test.

Background: Substance abuse is a critical problem in most countries, especially in developing ones. Early detection is the pre-requisite of early control, for which reliable and valid tools are required. In the present study, we aimed at measuring the psychometric properties of the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) in Iranian individuals.

The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA).

Background: The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q), a tool based on a retrospective interview with the child.

Materials And Methods: To this aim, 251 adolescents from four regions of Tehran megacity completed the questionnaire.

The development of postural control among children: Repeatability and normative data for computerized dynamic posturography system.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the normal development of postural control in children aged 2-18 years in Tehran, and to provide normative data of computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) device variables.

Methods: The study population included 400 boys and 400 girls aged 2-18 years (eight age groups with 2-year interval) and 100 adults aged 22-25 years. In each age group, 100 people were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Marital Satisfaction and Depression in Mothers of 3-4 Year Old Children with Developmental Delay in Comparison with Mothers of Normal Children.

Objectives: The present study evaluated the depression and marital satisfaction in mothers of 36-48 months old children with developmental delay in comparison with mothers of normal children.

Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 616 mothers and their children, aged 36 - 48 months, from Apr 2015 to Feb 2016, in some kindergartens in Tehran, Iran. Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling.

The effectiveness of a specifically-designed language intervention protocol on the cochlear implanted children's communication development.

Objective: Although various studies have depicted the importance of language intervention programs in facilitating language acquisition in cochlear implanted children, to this date rarely has a specific language intervention approach been recommended as better than the other and no best practice has been introduced in terms of language acquisition outcomes. Thus, the therapists remain uncertain as to which approach to follow and how to apply evidence to practice. Hence, the main goal of this study was to take a step in this regard by comparing the communication development of pediatric cochlear implant users who enrolled in two different language intervention approaches: the routine auditory-verbal approach, and the routine auditory-verbal approach plus a new intervention protocol specifically designed to enhance receptive vocabulary development in cochlear implanted children.

The Development of an Interventional Package on "Receptive Vocabulary" For Cochlear Implanted Children.

Objectives: Considering the shortage of language intervention protocols which specifically concentrate on cochlear implanted children and considering the importance of timely language intervention in this group of children, the aim of the present study was to develop an interventional package on "receptive vocabulary" for cochlear implanted children.

Materials & Methods: By reviewing the literature related to language acquisition theories in normal and language disordered children, as well as literature on production of intervention protocols, especially those for language impaired children, and also considering the normal process of language and speech development in normal children, the first draft of the intervention protocol was prepared. Then, the face and content validity of the intervention protocol was assessed by a Delphi team through three rounds and finally approved.

The Effect of the Timing of Umbilical Cord Clamping on Hemoglobin Levels, Neonatal Outcomes and Developmental Status in Infants at 4 Months Old.

Objectives: Delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC) increases blood transfer to newborns. Hence we investigated the effect of the timing of DCC on hemoglobin levels, neonatal outcomes and developmental status in infants at four months old.

Materials & Methods: This clinical trial examined infants born to 400 pregnant women immediately upon birth and at the age of four months in Isfahan, central Iran in 2016.

Mastery Motivation in Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) Based on Parental Report: Validity and Reliability of Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire in Persian.

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate validity and reliability of Persian Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire (DMQ18) in children with cerebral palsy.

Material And Methods: The original version was carried out through back translation into Persian, and then the construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis; and reliability was evaluated through Cronbach's alpha (n=230). Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for test retest reliability (n=32).

Comparison of Social Interaction between Cochlear-Implanted Children with Normal Intelligence Undergoing Auditory Verbal Therapy and Normal-Hearing Children: A Pilot Study.

Objective: A cochlear implant is a device that helps hearing-impaired children by transmitting sound signals to the brain and helping them improve their speech, language, and social interaction. Although various studies have investigated the different aspects of speech perception and language acquisition in cochlear-implanted children, little is known about their social skills, particularly Persian-speaking cochlear-implanted children. Considering the growing number of cochlear implants being performed in Iran and the increasing importance of developing near-normal social skills as one of the ultimate goals of cochlear implantation, this study was performed to compare the social interaction between Iranian cochlear-implanted children who have undergone rehabilitation (auditory verbal therapy) after surgery and normal-hearing children.

Are the Norms of Bayley Screening Test Appropriate for Persian Language Children?

Objective: We aimed to assess the distribution of the Bayley screening test by age, and compare developmental risk category distributions between Persian language children and reference norms.

Materials & Methods: A representative sample of 417 children, 1 to 42-months-old, by consecutive sampling from health -care centers were enrolled, during 2014 to 2015 in Tehran, Iran. The cognitive, language and motor development of children were evaluated using Bayley screening test.

Reliability and Validity of the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: Persian Version.

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) in the Iranian context. In total, 332 parents (20.2% fathers and 79.

Comparing Levels of Mastery Motivation in Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Typically Developing Children.

Introduction: The present study aimed to compare motivation in school-age children with CP and typically developing children.

Material And Methods: 229 parents of children with cerebral palsy and 212 parents of typically developing children participated in the present cross sectional study and completed demographic and DMQ18 forms. The rest of information was measured by an occupational therapist.

Factors Influencing the Attendance of Preterm Infants to Neonatal Follow up And Early Intervention Services Following Discharge from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit during First Year of Life in Iran.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine factors influencing the number of times neonatal intensive care unit admitted preterm infants attend Neonatal Follow up and Early Intervention services (NFEI) during first year of life.

Materials &methods: A parent-report questionnaire was administered via phone after the first birthday of preterm infants admitted to the NICU at Arash Hospital, Tehran, for at least 24 h, and who received standard NICU-based therapeutic services, from Apr 2014 to Feb 2015. Data included mother's age, education, type of pregnancy, history of abortion or premature birth, self-reported post-partum depression, number of children, infant's gender, birth weight, gestational age, length of stay in the NICU, living area, twin or triplet birth, number of siblings, and the child rank.

The comparison of socioeconomic status, perceived social support and mental status in women of reproductive age experiencing and not experiencing domestic violence in Iran.

Background: Given the significant health effects of domestic violence against women, the present study was conducted in 2016, in Tehran, Iran in order to compare the socioeconomic status, perceived social support and mental status in women of reproductive age experiencing and not experiencing domestic violence.

Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 women. The data collection tools used included questionnaires: demographic information, Socioeconomic, Beck's Depression, Spielberger's Anxiety, Cohen's Perceived Stress, Sarason's Perceived Social Support and WHO's Domestic Violence Inventory.

Normal values of abdominal muscles thickness in healthy children using ultrasonography.

Abdominal muscles are one of the important elements to support the lumbar spine. Evaluation of muscle thickness using ultrasonography (US) is considered to be a source of information from muscles characteristics. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate normal reference data of abdominal muscles thickness and subcutaneous fat in adolescents using US.

Comparative Study of Abdominal Muscle Thickness on Ultrasonography in Healthy Adolescents and Patients With Low Back Pain.

Objectives: Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder among different age groups, including adolescents. The purpose of this study was to compare the abdominal muscle thickness between healthy adolescents and those with LBP.

Methods: One hundred sixty healthy high school adolescents and 80 high school adolescents with LBP participated in the study.

Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development.

Objective: There have been contradictory findings on the relationship between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and child development although SES is associated with child development outcomes. The present study intended to define the relationship between SES and child development in Tehran kindergartens, Iran.

Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional survey studied 1036 children aged 36-60 month, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.