Differential behaviour of a risk score for emergency hospital admission by demographics in Scotland-A retrospective study.

The Scottish Patients at Risk of Re-Admission and Admission (SPARRA) score predicts individual risk of emergency hospital admission for approximately 80% of the Scottish population. It was developed using routinely collected electronic health records, and is used by primary care practitioners to inform anticipatory care, particularly for individuals with high healthcare needs. We comprehensively assess the SPARRA score across population subgroups defined by age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, and geographic location.

Development and assessment of a machine learning tool for predicting emergency admission in Scotland.

Emergency admissions (EA), where a patient requires urgent in-hospital care, are a major challenge for healthcare systems. The development of risk prediction models can partly alleviate this problem by supporting primary care interventions and public health planning. Here, we introduce SPARRAv4, a predictive score for EA risk that will be deployed nationwide in Scotland.

Cell size differences affect photosynthetic capacity in a Mesoamerican and an Andean genotype of L.

The efficiency of CO flux in the leaf is hindered by a several structural and biochemical barriers which affect the overall net photosynthesis. However, the dearth of information about the genetic control of these features is limiting our ability for genetic manipulation. We performed a comparative analysis between three-week-old plants of a Mesoamerican and an Andean cultivar of at variable light and CO levels.

Multimodal decoding of human liver regeneration.

The liver has a unique ability to regenerate; however, in the setting of acute liver failure (ALF), this regenerative capacity is often overwhelmed, leaving emergency liver transplantation as the only curative option. Here, to advance understanding of human liver regeneration, we use paired single-nucleus RNA sequencing combined with spatial profiling of healthy and ALF explant human livers to generate a single-cell, pan-lineage atlas of human liver regeneration. We uncover a novel ANXA2 migratory hepatocyte subpopulation, which emerges during human liver regeneration, and a corollary subpopulation in a mouse model of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver regeneration.

Variations in Electronic Health Record-Based Definitions of Diabetic Retinopathy Cohorts: A Literature Review and Quantitative Analysis.

Purpose: Use of the electronic health record (EHR) has motivated the need for data standardization. A gap in knowledge exists regarding variations in existing terminologies for defining diabetic retinopathy (DR) cohorts. This study aimed to review the literature and analyze variations regarding codified definitions of DR.

A review on statistical and machine learning competing risks methods.

When modeling competing risks (CR) survival data, several techniques have been proposed in both the statistical and machine learning literature. State-of-the-art methods have extended classical approaches with more flexible assumptions that can improve predictive performance, allow high-dimensional data and missing values, among others. Despite this, modern approaches have not been widely employed in applied settings.

Risk of winter hospitalisation and death from acute respiratory infections in Scotland: national retrospective cohort study.

Objectives: We undertook a national analysis to characterise and identify risk factors for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) resulting in hospitalisation during the winter period in Scotland.

Design: A population-based retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting: Scotland.

Integration of datasets for individual prediction of DNA methylation-based biomarkers.

Background: Epigenetic scores (EpiScores) can provide biomarkers of lifestyle and disease risk. Projecting new datasets onto a reference panel is challenging due to separation of technical and biological variation with array data. Normalisation can standardise data distributions but may also remove population-level biological variation.

Brain matters: unveiling the distinct contributions of region, age, and sex to glia diversity and CNS function.

The myelinated white matter tracts of the central nervous system (CNS) are essential for fast transmission of electrical impulses and are often differentially affected in human neurodegenerative diseases across CNS region, age and sex. We hypothesize that this selective vulnerability is underpinned by physiological variation in white matter glia. Using single nucleus RNA sequencing of human post-mortem white matter samples from the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord and subsequent tissue-based validation we found substantial glial heterogeneity with tissue region: we identified region-specific oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that retain developmental origin markers into adulthood, distinguishing them from mouse OPCs.

Development and validation of DNA methylation scores in two European cohorts augment 10-year risk prediction of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) presents a major health and economic burden that could be alleviated with improved early prediction and intervention. While standard risk factors have shown good predictive performance, we show that the use of blood-based DNA methylation information leads to a significant improvement in the prediction of 10-year T2D incidence risk. Previous studies have been largely constrained by linear assumptions, the use of cytosine-guanine pairs one-at-a-time and binary outcomes.

Longitudinal Fecal Calprotectin Profiles Characterize Disease Course Heterogeneity in Crohn's Disease.

Background And Aims: The progressive nature of Crohn's disease is highly variable and hard to predict. In addition, symptoms correlate poorly with mucosal inflammation. There is therefore an urgent need to better characterize the heterogeneity of disease trajectories in Crohn's disease by utilizing objective markers of inflammation.

Royal jelly extracellular vesicles promote wound healing by modulating underlying cellular responses.

royal jelly (RJ) is a well-known remedy in traditional medicine around the world and its versatile effects range from antibacterial to anti-inflammatory properties and pro-regenerative properties. As a glandular product, RJ has been shown to contain a substantial number of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and, in this study, we aimed to investigate the extent of involvement of RJEVs in wound healing-associated effects. Molecular analysis of RJEVs verified the presence of exosomal markers such as CD63 and syntenin, and cargo molecules MRJP1, defensin-1, and jellein-3.

Refining epigenetic prediction of chronological and biological age.

Background: Epigenetic clocks can track both chronological age (cAge) and biological age (bAge). The latter is typically defined by physiological biomarkers and risk of adverse health outcomes, including all-cause mortality. As cohort sample sizes increase, estimates of cAge and bAge become more precise.

A nationwide pilot study on breast cancer screening in Peru.

Introduction: A high prevalence of advanced breast cancer (BC) is a common scenario in Latin America. In Peru, the frequency of BC at Stages III/IV is ≈50% despite implementation of a programme for breast cancer screening (BCS) along the country. We carried out a study to assess the feasibility and develop an instrument to evaluate the knowledge, barriers and perception about BCS in a nationwide pilot study in Peru among candidates for BCS.

Challenges and Opportunities in Academic Physiatry: An Environmental Scan.

Environmental scans determine trends in an organization's or field's internal and external environment. The results can help shape goals, inform strategic decision making, and direct future actions. The Association of Academic Physiatrists convened a strategic planning group in 2020, composed of physiatrists representing a diversity of professional roles, career stages, race and ethnicity, gender, disability status, and geographic areas of practice.

Improving Risk Stratification for Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction.

Background: Despite poor cardiovascular outcomes, there are no dedicated, validated risk stratification tools to guide investigation or treatment in type 2 myocardial infarction.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to derive and validate a risk stratification tool for the prediction of death or future myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction.

Methods: The T2-risk score was developed in a prospective multicenter cohort of consecutive patients with type 2 myocardial infarction.

SCRaPL: A Bayesian hierarchical framework for detecting technical associates in single cell multiomics data.

Single-cell multi-omics assays offer unprecedented opportunities to explore epigenetic regulation at cellular level. However, high levels of technical noise and data sparsity frequently lead to a lack of statistical power in correlative analyses, identifying very few, if any, significant associations between different molecular layers. Here we propose SCRaPL, a novel computational tool that increases power by carefully modelling noise in the experimental systems.

Dynamic QTL-based ecophysiological models to predict phenotype from genotype and environment data.

Background: Predicting the phenotype from the genotype is one of the major contemporary challenges in biology. This challenge is greater in plants because their development occurs mostly post-embryonically under diurnal and seasonal environmental fluctuations. Most current crop simulation models are physiology-based models capable of capturing environmental fluctuations but cannot adequately capture genotypic effects because they were not constructed within a genetics framework.

Assessment of the management of carcinomatous meningitis from breast cancer globally: a study by the Breast International Group Brain Metastasis Task Force.

Background: Carcinomatous meningitis (CM) is a severe complication of breast cancer. The Breast International Group (BIG) carried out a survey to describe the approach to CM internationally.

Patients And Methods: A questionnaire on the management of CM was developed by the Brain Metastases Task Force of BIG and distributed to its groups, requesting one answer per group site.

NGF/TRKA Promotes ADAM17-Dependent Cleavage of P75 in Ovarian Cells: Elucidating a Pro-Tumoral Mechanism.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high-affinity receptor TRKA are overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) displaying a crucial role in the disease progression. Otherwise, NGF interacts with its low-affinity receptor P75, activating pro-apoptotic pathways. In neurons, P75 could be cleaved by metalloproteinases (α and γ-secretases), leading to a decrease in P75 signaling.