Protocol for duplex ultrasound study of the pelvic veins in women.

The article presents the technique of duplex ultrasound study (DUS) of the pelvic veins in patients with pelvic venous disorders (PeVDs). It provides basics of anatomy of pelvic veins and describes hemodynamic and anatomical parameters that should be assessed during DUS of pelvic veins.

Stratification of pelvic venous reflux in patients with pelvic varicose veins.

Objective: We investigated the association between the pattern and duration of pelvic venous reflux (PVR) and pelvic pain severity in patients with pelvic varicose veins (PVVs).

Methods: The present retrospective study included 600 female patients with PVVs. Of the 600 patients, 453 had had PVVs and pelvic congestion syndrome (group 1) and 147 had had an asymptomatic disease course (group 2).