Examining the Ethics and Impacts of Laws Restricting Transgender Youth-Athlete Participation.

As of this writing, twenty-one states have passed laws barring transgender youth-athletes from competing on public-school sports teams in accordance with their gender identity. Proponents of these regulations claim that transgender females in particular have inherent physiological advantages that threaten a "level playing field" for their cisgender competitors. Existing evidence is limited but does not support these restrictions.