Exposure of RAW264.7 macrophages to exhaust emissions (gases and PAH) and non-exhaust emissions (tire particles) induces additive or synergistic TNF-α production depending on the tire particle size.

Road traffic is a major contributor to air pollution and consequently negatively affects human health. Car pollution originates both from exhaust emissions (EE) and non-exhaust emissions (NEE, such as tire and brake wear particles, erosion of road surfaces and resuspension of road dust). While the toxicity of EE and NEE has been characterized separately, their combined effects are poorly documented.

An in vitro comparison of the toxicological profiles of ground tire particles (TP) and actual tire and road wear particles (TRWP) emissions.

There is currently limited data on the potential effects of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on human health. TRWP include tire fragments, but also road wear materials, dust, adsorbed gaseous pollutants and different types of inclusions that could affect their hazard profiles. Due to their availability and lower complexity, ground tire particles (TP) are often used in toxicological studies.

In vitro toxicological evaluation of aerosols generated by a 4th generation vaping device using nicotine salts in an air-liquid interface system.

Background: Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity, especially among young people, with the introduction of fourth-generation devices based on e-liquids containing nicotine salts that promise a smoother vaping experience than freebase nicotine. However, the toxicological effects of nicotine salts are still largely unknown, and the chemical diversity of e-liquids limits the comparison between different studies to determine the contribution of each compound to the cytotoxicity of EC aerosols. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological profile of controlled composition e-liquid aerosols to accurately determine the effects of each ingredient based on exposure at the air-liquid interface.

Development of a protocol of isolation of nanoparticles from patients' broncho-alveolar lavages for their toxicity assessment.

To investigate potential correlations between human exposure to inhaled particles and pathological effects, the biological monitoring of nanoparticles in broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL) from patients has been proposed. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of toxicity, we propose to couple this biomonitoring of nanoparticles to their toxicity assessment. However, BAL obtained from regular clinical practice are conditioned with sodium hypochlorite solution (in a 50% v/v ratio), which is toxic to cells.

Biological effects of brake wear particles in mammalian models: A systematic review.

Road traffic is a major contributor to air pollution through aerosols both from exhaust emissions (EE) and non-exhaust emissions (NEE). NEE result from mechanical abrasion of brakes and tires, erosion of road surfaces and resuspension of road dust into the atmosphere by passing traffic. EE have been thoroughly studied and have decreased over time due to a stricter control.

Can the impact of micro- and nanoplastics on human health really be assessed using in vitro models? A review of methodological issues.

Because of the many advantages they offer (strength, low cost, durability, lightweight, resistance, etc.), plastics are integral part of our daily life with a production constantly rising. However, their waste management is still inadequate, resulting in their release and accumulation in the environment, representing a main source of pollution.

Biological effects of Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) assessed by in vitro and in vivo studies - A systematic review.

Air quality is a critical issue because even small amounts of air pollutants can cause significant adverse health effects. Road traffic is a major contributor to air pollution both through aerosols from exhaust emissions (EE) and non-exhaust emissions (NEE). The latter result from mechanical abrasion of brakes and tires, erosion of road surfaces and resuspension of road dust into the atmosphere by passing traffic.

In Vitro Biological Effects of E-Cigarette on the Cardiovascular System-Pro-Inflammatory Response Enhanced by the Presence of the Cinnamon Flavor.

The potential cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes remain largely unidentified and poorly understood. E-liquids contain numerous chemical compounds and can induce exposure to potentially toxic ingredients (e.g.

Characterization of the elemental and particle load of patient exhaled breath condensate and comparison with pulmonary lavages.

In the field of biomonitoring, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is described as a potentially useful matrix for assessing inhalation exposure biomarkers in a non-invasive way. However, it is still unclear to what extent EBC is representative of the deep lung. To address this knowledge gap, EBC, bronchial washes (BWs), and bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) were collected from 82 patients suffering from interstitial lung diseases (ILDs).

Considerations on dosimetry for in vitro assessment of e-cigarette toxicity.

Electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) can be used as smoking cessation aid. Some studies tend to show that they are less hazardous than tobacco cigarettes, even if it does not mean they are completely safe. The huge variation in study designs assessing in vitro toxicity of e-cigarettes aerosol makes it difficult to make comparisons and draw robust and irrefutable conclusions.

Combined effects of nanoparticles and other environmental contaminants on human health - an issue often overlooked.

Air pollution is considered as a major public health issue worldwide. It consists of a complex mixture of pollutants including nanoparticles to which we are increasingly exposed to due to the dramatic development of the nanotechnologies and their incidental or intentional release in the environment. Consequently, some concerns have raised about the combined toxicity of air particulates and other air pollutants on human health.

Experimental and Computational Nanotoxicology-Complementary Approaches for Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment.

The growing development and applications of nanomaterials lead to an increasing release of these materials in the environment. The adverse effects they may elicit on ecosystems or human health are not always fully characterized. Such potential toxicity must be carefully assessed with the underlying mechanisms elucidated.

Nano-delivery to the lung - by inhalation or other routes and why nano when micro is largely sufficient?

Respiratory diseases gather a wide range of disorders which are generally difficult to treat, partly due to a poor delivery of drugs to the lung with adequate dose and minimum side effects. With the recent developments of nanotechnology, nano-delivery systems have raised interest. In this review, we detail the main types of nanocarriers that have been developed presenting their respective advantages and limitations.

Exploring graphene-based materials' genotoxicity: inputs of a screening method.

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are promising nanomaterials, and several innovations depend on their use. However, the assessment of their potential hazard must be carefully explored before entering any market. GBMs are indeed well-known to induce various biological impacts, including oxidative stress, which can potentially lead to DNA damage.

Graphene oxide incorporating carbon fibre-reinforced composites submitted to simultaneous impact and fire: Physicochemical characterisation and toxicology of the by-products.

The toxicological profile of particulates released from carbon fibre-reinforced composites (CFC) incorporating nanoadditives, under impact and fire conditions (e.g. aircraft crash), is unknown to date.

Structure-Activity Relationship of Graphene-Based Materials: Impact of the Surface Chemistry, Surface Specific Area and Lateral Size on Their In Vitro Toxicity.

Predictive toxicity and structure-activity relationships (SARs) are raising interest since the number of nanomaterials has become unmanageable to assess their toxicity with a classical case-by-case approach. Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are among the most promising nanomaterials of this decade and their application might lead to several innovations. However, their toxicity impact needs to be thoroughly assessed.

Assessing biological oxidative damage induced by graphene-based materials: An asset for grouping approaches using the FRAS assay.

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are extremely promising and their increasing number urges scientists to conduct more and more toxicity studies. However, case-by-case approaches are rarely the best options in the earliest phases of industrial processes. Grouping can show great assets in this context: it is defined as the process of gathering substances into a common group.

Relationship between Occupational Exposure to Airborne Nanoparticles, Nanoparticle Lung Burden and Lung Diseases.

The biomonitoring of nanoparticles in patients' broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL) could allow getting insights into the role of inhaled biopersistent nanoparticles in the etiology/development of some respiratory diseases. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the biomonitoring of nanoparticles in BAL, interstitial lung diseases and occupational exposure to these particles released unintentionally. We analyzed data from a cohort of 100 patients suffering from lung diseases (NanoPI clinical trial, ClinicalTrials.

Graphene-Based Materials Toxicity and Their Structure-Activity Relationships: A Systematic Literature Review.

The unique properties of graphene-based materials (GBMs) placed them among the most exciting nanomaterials of the past decade. Scientists and industry are looking forward to working with not only efficient but also safe, sustainable GBMs. Designing a safer-by-design GBM implies to acquire the knowledge of which physicochemical characteristics (PCCs) can increase toxicity.

Short Preirradiation of TiO Nanoparticles Increases Cytotoxicity on Human Lung Coculture System.

Anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs) are used in a large range of industrial applications mainly due to their photocatalytic properties. Before entering the lung, virtually all TiO NPs are exposed to some UV light, and lung toxicity of TiO NPs might be influenced by photoexcitation that is known to alter TiO surface properties. Although the TiO NPs toxicity has been extensively investigated, limited data are available regarding the toxicity of TiO NPs that have been pre-exposed to UV light, and their impact on humans remains unknown.

Influence of the physicochemical features of TiO nanoparticles on the formation of a protein corona and impact on cytotoxicity.

Due to their unique properties TiO nanoparticles are widely used. The adverse effects they may elicit are usually studied in relation to their physicochemical features. However, a factor is often neglected: the influence of the protein corona formed around nanoparticles upon contact with biological media.

Impact of the Physicochemical Features of TiO Nanoparticles on Their Toxicity.

The concern about titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO-NPs) toxicity and their possible harmful effects on human health has increased. Their biological impact is related to some key physicochemical properties, that is, particle size, charge, crystallinity, shape, and agglomeration state. However, the understanding of the influence of such features on TiO-NP toxicity remains quite limited.

Elemental fingerprint of human amniotic fluids and relationship with potential sources of maternal exposure.

Background: The impact of nanoparticles we are increasingly exposed to remains largely unknown. Of particular concern is the exposure of pregnant women and potential impact on fetal development. Indeed, many in vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that nanoparticles are able to cross the placental barrier and induce toxic effects to the fetus.