Tetraspanins, GLAST and L1CAM Quantification in Single Extracellular Vesicles from Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of People with Multiple Sclerosis.

This study aimed to unravel the single tetraspanin pattern of extracellular vesicles (EVs), L1CAM and GLAST EV levels as diagnostic biomarkers to stratify people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), specifically relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and primary progressive (PPMS). The ExoView platform was used to directly track single EVs using a clinically feasible volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples. This technology allowed us to examine the patterns of classical tetraspanin and quantify the levels of L1CAM and GLAST proteins, commonly used to immunoisolate putative neuron- and astrocyte-derived EVs.