Pre-Eclampsia: From Etiology and Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Tools-A Review of the Literature.

Pre-eclampsia is a severe pregnancy-related complication that manifests as a syndrome with multisystem involvement and damage. It has significantly grown in frequency during the past 30 years and could be considered as one of the major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. However, the specific etiology and molecular mechanisms of pre-eclampsia are still poorly known and could have a variety of causes, such as altered angiogenesis, inflammations, maternal infections, obesity, metabolic disorders, gestational diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.

Sex ratio at birth: causes of variation and narrative review of literature.

Introduction: The human sex ratio at birth (SRB) is the parameter which reflects the relationship between males and females at birth. It is not 50:50, but approximately 0.515 in favor of males.