Hyper-reflective foci changes in RRMS under natalizumab therapy.

Introduction: Microglia (MG) is suggested to play an immunopathological role of in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Since hyper-reflective foci (HRF) might mark MG activation, analysis by Optic Coherence Tomography (OCT) in MS patients under disease modifying therapies may help to clarify MS immunopathology as well as drug's mechanism of intrathecal action.

Objective: To analyze HRF in patients treated with Natalizumab (NTZ), a high efficacy therapy for MS.

Alemtuzumab following natalizumab is more effective in adult-onset than paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.

Background: Paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) therapeutic approach derives from of adult-onset multiple sclerosis (AOMS) tailored algorithms.

Objectives: To evaluate in a common clinical scenario the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab (ALZ) in POMS and AOMS.

Methods: All patients switching from natalizumab (NTZ) to ALZ for safety concerns (high anti-John Cunningham Virus Antibody Index value, anti-JCV Index) were enrolled in this single-centre, retrospective, case-control open-label study.

Hyper-Reflecting Foci in Multiple Sclerosis Retina Associate With Macrophage/Microglia-Derived Cytokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that retinal hyper-reflecting foci (HRF) might be clusters of activated and proliferating microglia. Since microglia are widespread activated in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain, its evaluation in retina may help to understand and monitor MS-related pathology.

Aim: This study aims at investigating the association of HRF with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines and MRI parameters in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).