Myotoxicity of Crotoxin on C2C12 Myoblasts and its Inhibition by Crotalus Neutralizing Factor versus Enhanced Resistance in Myotubes: Exploring Toxicity and Membrane Potential.

Background: Crotalus Neutralizing Factor (CNF) is a γ-type Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor present in the blood of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake. Particularly, CNF inhibits the toxic action of Crotoxin (CTX), which is a major neurotoxin found in C. d.

BjussuMP-II, a venom metalloproteinase, induces the release and cleavage of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupts human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are hydrolytic enzymes dependent on metal binding, primarily zinc (Zn), at their catalytic site. They are classified into three classes (P-I to P-III). BjussuMP-II, a P-I SVMP isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, has a molecular mass of 24 kDa.

Bothrops atrox mice experimental envenoming treatment using light-emitting diode (led) as an adjunct therapy to conventional serum therapy.

The use of anti-venom is one of the main control measures for snakebite envenoming when applied immediately after the snakebite. Systemic effects of the envenoming are usually reversed; however, neutralization of local effects is hardly achieved. The need for adjuvant therapies associated with serum therapy can improve the treatment for local effects of envenoming, with greater effectiveness in preventing or delaying the progression of damage, reducing the clinical signs and symptoms of victims of snakebites.

Reactive oxygen species-dependent-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human neutrophils induced by l-amino acid oxidase derived from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom.

l-Amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma (Cr-LAAO) snake venom is a potent stimulus for neutrophil activation and production of inflammatory mediators, contributing to local inflammatory effects in victims of envenoming. Cr-LAAO triggered the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase (NADPH) oxidase complex and protein kinase C (PKC)-α signaling protein for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This study aims to evaluate the ROS participation in the NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation in human neutrophil.

Light Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation Enhances Oxidative Redox Capacity in Murine Macrophages Stimulated with Venom and Isolated PLAs.

Photobiomodulation therapy associated with conventional antivenom treatment has been shown to be effective in reducing the local effects caused by bothropic venoms in preclinical studies. In this study, we analyzed the influence of photobiomodulation using light emitting diode (LED) on the oxidative stress produced by murine macrophages stimulated with venom and it isolated toxins BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Under LED treatment, we evaluated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase as well as the release of hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.

NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by venoms secreted PLAs.

Bothropic venoms contains high amount of secreted phospholipases A (sPLAs) that play a significant role in leukocyte activation and inflammation. Monocytes and lymphocytes are highly functional immune system cells that mediate and provide efficient responses during the inflammation. NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex found in immune system cells that is triggered by pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively.

Increase in the risk of snakebites incidence due to changes in humidity levels: A time series study in four municipalities of the state of Rondônia.

Introduction: Snakebites represent a serious global public health problem, especially in tropical countries. In Brazil, the incidence of snakebites ranges from 19 to 22 thousand cases per 100000 persons annually. The state of Rondônia, in particular, has had an increasing incidence of snakebites.

Light emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation therapy on murine macrophage exposed to Bothropstoxin-I and Bothropstoxin-II myotoxins.

The light-emitting diode (LED) is considered a therapeutic tool due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound-healing effects, which occur through angiogenesis, decrease in IL-1β and IL-6 secretion, and acceleration of the cicatricial process. Snakebites are an important public health problem in tropical regions of the world. LED treatment is a therapeutic tool associated with serum therapy used to minimize the local effects of snakebites, including decrease in creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations, myonecrosis, and inflammatory and haemorrhagic responses.