Direct lingam and visibility graphs for analyzing brain connectivity in BCI.

The brain-computer interface (BCI) is a direct pathway of communication between the electrical activity of the brain and an external device. The present paper was aimed to investigate directed connectivity between different areas of the brain during motor imagery (MI)-based BCI. For this purpose, two methods were implemented including, Limited Penetrable Horizontal Visibility Graph (LPHVG) and Direct Lingam.

Muscle synergy extraction during arm reaching movements at different speeds.

Objective: Muscle synergy is the activation of a group of muscles that contribute to a particular movement. The goal of the present study is to examine the hypothesis that human reaching movements at different speeds share similar muscle synergies and to investigate the kinesiology basis and innervation of muscles.

Methods: Electromyographic activity from six muscles of the upper limb and shoulder girdle were recorded during three movements at different speeds, i.