Rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh: a population based study.

The aim of the study was to determine the temporal changes in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated risk factors in a rural population of Bangladesh. A total of 4757 subjects age >/=20 years both male and female were enrolled randomly in a cross-sectional study in 1999. The same area and population was reinvestigated in 2004 following the same selection procedure, on a sample of 3981 individuals.

Type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting blood glucose in rural Bangladesh: a population-based study.

Background: Diabetes is a fast expanding global health problem but more so in the developing countries. Therefore, it is of particular interest to study the epidemiological transition of the state and to identify the risk factors in order to recognize the extent of the problem.

Methods: A random sample of 5000 rural individuals (age >/=20 years) were included in a cross-sectional study.

Fasting cut-offs in determining the prevalence of diabetes and intermediate glucose abnormality in a non-obese population.

The study was undertaken to compare the effect of ADA and WHO criteria for screening of diabetes mellitus (DM) and intermediate glucose abnormality (Impaired fasting glucose/Impaired glucose tolerance-IFG/IGT) and to explore an acceptable fasting cut-off in a population-based study. Ten suburb villages with a population of 11,895 were selected purposively. Of the total 6235 eligible (> or = 20y) subjects, 4144 volunteered.

A comparison of hospital costs with reimbursement received for patients undergoing the Norwood procedure for hypoplasia of the left heart.

Objectives: To determine whether the present system of reimbursement, based on diagnosis-related groups and regular financial budgeting, covers the costs incurred during hospitalisation of 7 children undergoing the three stages of the Norwood sequence for surgical treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Methods: Between January and September 2003, 7 patients underwent initial surgical palliation with the Norwood procedure at the Rikshospitalet University Hospital. A prospective methodology was developed by our group to measure the costs associated with each individual patient.

Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh.

Aims: To describe differences in prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus with its associated risk factors between rural and urban populations in Bangladesh. Diagnostic criteria [fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT)] were compared and reviewed for both populations.

Methods: A total of 1555 subjects from urban and 4757 from rural communities (age > or = 20 years) with similar cultural and ethnic backgrounds were randomly selected in a cross-sectional survey.

Cost of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: the Norwegian experience from a multicenter cost study.

High-dose therapy with autologous blood progenitor cell support is now routinely used for patients with certain malignant lymphomas and multiple myeloma. We performed a prospective cost analysis of the mobilization, harvesting and cryopreservation phases and the high-dose therapy with stem cell reinfusion and hospitalization phases. In total, 40 consecutive patients were studied at four different university hospitals between 1999 and 2001.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes along with its risk factors in urban slum population of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A random sample of 1555 slum dwellers of Dhaka city (age > or = 20 years) were included in the study. Capillary blood glucose levels, fasting and 2-h after 75g oral glucose load (for a selected subjects, n = 476), were measured.

Hypoglycaemia with insulin aspart: a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial in subjects with Type 1 diabetes.

Aims: To compare the effects of the rapid-acting insulin analogue insulin aspart and soluble human insulin on hypoglycaemia and glycaemic control in patients with Type 1 diabetes when injected immediately before meals as part of intensive insulin therapy.

Methods: In this multinational, double-blind, randomised, crossover trial, 155 patients with Type 1 diabetes (HbA(1c) < 8.0%) were symmetrically randomised to two 16-week treatment periods on either type of insulin, both injected 0-5 min before meals.

Cost analysis of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma.

High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) support is a common but expensive treatment for various hematological malignancies. A prospective cost analysis of evaluation/mobilization and the HDC + PBSC phase for patients with multiple myeloma was performed. Eleven consecutive patients at the National University Hospital Oslo, taking part in a Nordic treatment protocol, were included in the analysis during the period from May 1999 to December 2000.

Heterogeneity of non-insulin-dependent diabetes expressed as variability in insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function and cardiovascular risk profile.

Aims: The present study investigated the variability in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function and their relationship to anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) positivity and the metabolic syndrome in a group of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Methods: Fifty-four subjects aged 59.5 +/- 6.

Orthopaedic surgery in severe bleeding disorders: a low-volume, high-cost procedure.

As more and more nations are scrutinizing their health care costs, attention has been focused on high-cost low-density disease. Assessment of actual total cost of care for haemophilia and its positive outcome becomes essential to justify support for these patients. In this study, we assessed hospital cost and diagnosis-related group (DRG) reimbursement for patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgical procedures from May 1999 to December 1999.

A comparison of actual cost, DRG-based cost, and hospital reimbursement for liver transplant patients.

The financing of health care services in Norway has been changed from a system of global budgeting to a system partly based on Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG). The government has decided to derive a part of the hospital revenue from DRG-based, per-patient financing. The aim of this study is to determine whether the present remuneration system covers the actual hospital expenses of liver transplant patients, and whether the present method of calculating DRG-costs is adequate for our institution.

Postprandial glycemic control with biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 1 diabetes.

We sought to investigate the ability of biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) to control postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in a meal-test comparison with biphasic human insulin 30 (BHI 30). In this randomised crossover trial, 50 patients with type 1 diabetes (mean age, 35.7 +/- 9.

[Erectile dysfunction among Norwegian men over 40 years of age].

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is prevalent and often associated with chronic diseases and previous operations on the prostate. Our aims were to investigate the prevalence of ED among males seeking general practitioners and to register known risk factors.

Material And Methods: During a short period in late 1998, 49 Norwegian general practitioners in the county of Østfold asked all their male patients over 40 years of age to anonymously fill in a questionnaire.

[High-risk pregnancy, costs and DRG reimbursement].

Background: The aim of this study was to measure actual costs of delivery of women with high-risk pregnancies in Norway. We calculated the cost difference between Caesarean section delivery and vaginal delivery and compared costs and the reimbursement received by hospitals. The present Norwegian financial system for hospitals has two components: a government reimbursement based on diagnosis-related groups (DRG) covering, in principle, half of hospital costs, and a basic budget received as a block grant.

A prospective cost evaluation related to allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation including pretransplant procedures, transplantation and 1 year follow-up procedures.

The Norwegian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs recently introduced activity-based financing for hospitals partly based on diagnosis-related groups (DRG). We soon observed that there seemed to be a considerable discrepancy between the reimbursement amount and the real cost of allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. It was therefore decided to undertake a prospective micro-cost analysis to define a more realistic reimbursement.

A comparison of actual registered costs and costs derived from diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) for patients undergoing heart transplantation, lung transplantation, and thoracotomy for other lung diseases.

The Norwegian health care system, like other health care systems in the world, is in the midst of a changing financial environment for hospital reimbursement for patient care. Since 1997 the Norwegian government has introduced a new financing model of block grant and activity-based financing. In this model, diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) play an important role in hospital financing.

Effects of antihyperglycaemic therapies on proinsulin and relation between proinsulin and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes.

Aim: To assess the effect of oral antihyperglycaemic therapy on fasting proinsulin and the relation between proinsulin levels and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: One hundred and sixty-five patients with type 2 diabetes, fasting blood glucose concentration (FBG) > or = 6.7 mmol/l, were recruited from five diabetes outpatient clinics in primary health care.

Effects and pharmacokinetics of oral glibenclamide and glipizide in Caucasian and Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes.

The effects and kinetics of oral glibenclamide (Gb) and glipizide (Gz) were studied in Caucasian and Chinese patients (ten in each group) with type-2 diabetes. In randomised order, 2.5 mg Gb, 2.

[Diagnosis-related groups and neonatal surgical patients].

Diagnose Related Groups (DRG) are defined on the basis of the principal diagnosis, secondary diagnoses, procedures, age, sex and discharge status, and were developed to improve hospital productivity and efficacy. Existing code systems do not cover all medical specialties equally well; examples are neonatal medicine, cancer treatment and rehabilitation. We have developed a prospective method to measure actual costs related to patients individually.

Optimal glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Does including insulin treatment mean a better outcome?

Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease with a significant risk for developing late complications. This article presents evidence related to the effect of glycemic control on the outcome of daily symptoms, microvascular complications, and macrovascular complications. Literature limited to Medline and the Cochrane Library was searched primarily for randomized clinical trials.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intravenous glibenclamide in Caucasian and Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes.

Objective: We analysed the kinetics and effects of glibenclamide (Gb) on glucose, insulin and proinsulin secretion in two ethnic groups (10 in each) of type-2 diabetic patients, one of Caucasian, the other of Chinese origin.

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a global disease affecting all ethnic groups. There are ethnic differences in both the prevalence and metabolic characteristics of the disease.

Serum lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To examine whether lp(a) can explain a) the increased cardiovascular morbidity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and b) the wide variation in the tendency for such complications to develop in the patients.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: General practice in a local community in Norway.

NIDDM: a rapid progressive disease. Results from a long-term, randomised, comparative study of insulin or sulphonylurea treatment.

The objective of the present study was to assess the relative efficacy of insulin or glibenclamide treatment for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) over 42 months. We performed a randomised, controlled trial allocating patients treated with diet and oral antihyperglycaemic agents to treatment with glibenclamide or insulin to achieve HbAlc levels under 7.5%.