Multi-scale datasets for monitoring Mediterranean oak forests from optical remote sensing during the SENTHYMED/MEDOAK experiment in the north of Montpellier (France).

Mediterranean forests represent critical areas that are increasingly affected by the frequency of droughts and fires, anthropic activities and land use changes. Optical remote sensing data give access to several essential biodiversity variables, such as species traits (related to vegetation biophysical and biochemical composition), which can help to better understand the structure and functioning of these forests. However, their reliability highly depends on the scale of observation and the spectral configuration of the sensor.

Valorisation of walnut shell and pea pod as novel sources for the production of xylooligosaccharides.

According to the high interest in agro-industrial waste reutilisation, underutilised lignocellulosic materials, such as walnut shell (WS) and pea pod (PP), come in focus. The aim of this paper was to evaluate WS and PP as sources for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS). Hemicelluloses from WS and PP were recovered by combining varying parameters of delignification and alkaline extraction.

The TaCslA12 gene expressed in the wheat grain endosperm synthesizes wheat-like mannan when expressed in yeast and Arabidopsis.

Mannan is a class of cell wall polysaccharides widespread in the plant kingdom. Mannan structure and properties vary according to species and organ. The cell walls of cereal grains have been extensively studied due to their role in cereal processing and to their beneficial effect on human health as dietary fiber.

Meaning of xylan acetylation on xylan-cellulose interactions: A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and molecular dynamic study.

In plant cell walls, xylan chains present various substituents including acetate groups. The influence of the acetyl substitution on the organization of xylan-cellulose complexes remains poorly understood. This work combines in vitro and in silico approaches to decipher the functional role of acetyl groups on the xylan/cellulose interaction.

Functional exploration of Pseudoalteromonas atlantica as a source of hemicellulose-active enzymes: Evidence for a GH8 xylanase with unusual mode of action.

To address the need for efficient enzymes exhibiting novel activities towards cell wall polysaccharides, the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas atlantica was selected based on the presence of potential hemicellulases in its annotated genome. It was grown in the presence or not of hemicelluloses and the culture filtrates were screened towards 42 polysaccharides. P.

Non-cellulosic polysaccharide distribution during G-layer formation in poplar tension wood fibers: abundance of rhamnogalacturonan I and arabinogalactan proteins but no evidence of xyloglucan.

RG-I and AGP, but not XG, are associated to the building of the peculiar mechanical properties of tension wood. Hardwood trees produce tension wood (TW) with specific mechanical properties to cope with environmental cues. Poplar TW fibers have an additional cell wall layer, the G-layer responsible for TW mechanical properties.

Xylans Provide the Structural Driving Force for Mucilage Adhesion to the Arabidopsis Seed Coat.

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat epidermal cells produce large amounts of mucilage that is released upon imbibition. This mucilage is structured into two domains: an outer diffuse layer that can be easily removed by agitation and an inner layer that remains attached to the outer seed coat. Both layers are composed primarily of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), the inner layer also containing rays of cellulose that extend from the top of each columella.

Induced mutations in tomato SlExp1 alter cell wall metabolism and delay fruit softening.

Fruit ripening and softening are key traits for many fleshy fruit. Since cell walls play a key role in the softening process, expansins have been investigated to control fruit over ripening and deterioration. In tomato, expression of Expansin 1 gene, SlExp1, during fruit ripening was associated with fruit softening.

Negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a method for sequencing and determining linkage position in oligosaccharides from branched hemicelluloses.

Xyloglucans of apple, tomato, bilberry and tamarind were hydrolyzed by commercial endo β-1-4-D-endoglucanase. The xylo-gluco-oligosaccharides (XylGos) released were separated on CarboPac PA 200 column in less than 15 min, and, after purification, they were structurally characterized by negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF), a hybrid linear ion trap (LTQ)/Orbitrap and a hybrid quadrupole Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers. In order to corroborate the fragmentation routes observed on XylGos, some commercial galacto-manno-oligosaccharides (GalMOs) and glucurono-xylo-oligosaccharides were also studied.

Novel and diverse fine structures in LiCl-DMSO extracted apple hemicelluloses.

Hemicelluloses are key polysaccharides in the regulation of the mechanical properties of plant cell walls during organ development and in fruit texture. Their diverse compositions and structures are partially known, in particular with regard to their function in cell walls. To that end, apple hemicelluloses were sequentially extracted by DMSO doped by LiCl followed by potassium hydroxide.

Fractionation and structural characterization of LiCl-DMSO soluble hemicelluloses from tomato.

To prepare and explore the structure of native hemicellulose from tomato, extraction of the natively acetylated polysaccharides was achieved from partially depectinated cell walls by DMSO doped with LiCl. DEAE anion exchange chromatography of the LiCl-DMSO extract allowed the removal of residual acidic pectin and the isolation of acetylated glucuronoxylan. The hemicellulose neutral fraction from the anion exchanger was fractionated by size exclusion chromatography into xyloglucan (XyG) and galactoglucomannan (GgM) either as single major constituents or as mixtures of both.

Acoustic characterization of a new trisacryl contrast agent. Part II: Flow phantom study and in vivo quantification.

The biocompatible trisacryl particles (TMP) are made of a cross-linked acrylic copolymer. Their inherent acoustic properties, studied for a contrast agent application, have been previously demonstrated in a in vitro Couette device. To measure their acoustic behaviour under circulating blood conditions, the TMP backscatter enhancement was further evaluated on a home-made flow phantom at different TMP doses (0.

A new set of monoclonal antibodies directed to proline-rich and central regions of p53.

The p53 protein can adopt several conformations in cells--"latent," "active," or mutant--depending on cellular stress or mutations of the TP53 gene. Today, only a few antibodies discriminating these conformations are available. We produced three new anti-p53 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against epitopes of human p53.

Hydrolysis of pectins with different degrees and patterns of methylation by the endopolygalacturonase of Fusarium moniliforme.

The mode of action of the endopolygalacturonase from Fusarium moniliforme was studied towards a series of pectins with different amounts and distribution patterns of methyl-ester groups. The enzyme hydrolysed the linkages between two galacturonic acid residues according to a multi-chain attack mechanism, at least at the early stage of the reaction. The final percentage of hydrolysis decreased with increasing the degree of methylation.

Preliminary characterization of a new exo-beta-(1,4)-galactanase with transferase activity.

As a prerequisite to the study of the fine chemical structure of the branched region of pectin, an exo-beta-(1,4)-galactanase was purified from a commercial preparation (Pectinex AR). Purification was carried out by precipitation with 70% saturated ammonium sulfate, preparative electrofocusing, anion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on cross-linked alginate. Exogalactanase specific activity was 992 nkat mg-1 and the enzyme was devoid of beta-(1,3)- or beta-(1,6)-galactanase, arabinanase, beta-D-galactosidase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidade activities.

Isolation and partial characterization of feruloylated oligosaccharides from maize bran.

Maize bran contains phenolic acids [approximately 4% dry matter; mainly ferulic acid (Fe) and also diferulic acid], heteroxylans (approximately 50%), and cellulose (approximately 20%), but is devoid of lignin. Treatment of maize pericarp with 0.05 M trifluoroacetic acid at 100 degrees C for 2 h released approximately 90% of the heteroxylans and approximately 90% of the ferulic acid and its esters.