Evaluating the budget impact of Empagliflozin in managing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Proposing strategic policies for Malaysian public healthcare.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors such as Empagliflozin, are increasingly recommended as part of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in many developed nations. This recommendation is based on robust clinical evidence showing that adding Empagliflozin to GDMT improves heart failure symptoms, clinical outcomes, functional status, and overall quality of life. In Malaysia, where healthcare is predominantly public and heavily subsidized, the introduction of new treatments can significantly impact costs, requiring detailed economic assessments.

Fenebrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks distinct human microglial signaling pathways.

Background: Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signaling enzyme that regulates B-lymphocyte and myeloid cell functions. Due to its involvement in both innate and adaptive immune compartments, BTK inhibitors have emerged as a therapeutic option in autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Brain-penetrant, small-molecule BTK inhibitors may also address compartmentalized neuroinflammation, which is proposed to underlie MS disease progression.

Impromptu Speaking: Teaching an Essential Leadership Skill.

Objective: Clinical leaders are frequently asked to assert an opinion or message spontaneously in a public forum. We aimed to measure the effectiveness of structured leadership training in impromptu speaking.

Design: This prospective study examined trainees who participated in a 3-hour workshop consisting of didactic instruction on impromptu speaking followed by small group practice.

Racial differences in cardiothoracic surgery letters of recommendation.

Objective: Cardiothoracic surgery lacks racial diversity. Attracting the best candidates requires valuing diversity and advancing a recruitment process that minimizes racial bias. Implicit bias in recommendation letters has been identified as an influential mechanism for lack of diversity in cardiothoracic surgery.

Brief Report: Understanding Program-Level Impact of COVID-19 in Lung Cancer Screening Programs in the United States.

Introduction: Lung cancer screening (LCS) reduces lung cancer mortality, yet uptake pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains low. The impact of COVID-19 on LCS programs across the United States is unknown. Ours is the first multi-institutional study to identify barriers to LCS experienced during the pandemic.