Incidence of ovulation in perimenopausal women before and during hormone replacement therapy.

Once hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been commenced, it becomes extremely difficult to advise women approaching the menopause on the need for contraception. In this study of twenty women, neither the regularity of their pre-existing menstrual cycle nor a random FSH concentration predicted the likelihood of subsequent ovulation whilst taking HRT. HRT is not reliably contraceptive and women commencing HRT whilst still menstruating spontaneously must be advised on the need for additional contraception.

Measurement of creatine kinase activity and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Objective: To investigate whether the measurement of maternal plasma creatine kinase concentration is of clinical value in the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy.

Design: A retrospective observational study covering a three month period.

Setting: The gynaecological emergency service of a UK teaching hospital.

Does early growth delay occur in diabetic pregnancy?

Objective: To identify the date of ovulation in pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes in order to assess the validity of the concept of early growth delay.

Design: Identification of ovulation by measurement of urinary luteinising hormone and assessment of fetal growth using ultrasound scan.

Setting: Diabetic pre-pregnancy and antenatal clinic in a teaching hospital.

Rapid diagnosis of early ectopic pregnancy in an emergency gynaecology service--are measurements of progesterone, intact and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin helpful?

The clinical usefulness of measuring serum concentrations of progesterone, human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and the free beta-subunit of HCG in distinguishing between early viable and non-viable pregnancy, before an accurate ultrasound diagnosis is possible, was evaluated in a prospective study of patients presenting to our emergency gynaecology service with a clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. Patients were selected on the basis of initial HCG concentrations; samples with HCG 25-10,000 IU/l were later analysed for progesterone and free beta HCG. Of the 181 patients studied, 38 (21%) had an ectopic pregnancy, 108 (60%) had a spontaneous abortion and 35 (19%) had a viable intra-uterine pregnancy.

Contrasting effects of 17 beta-estradiol on the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo.

A human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line (PE04) has been established as a xenograft in nude mice. In vitro, this cell line is estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and its growth is stimulated by 17 beta-estradiol at concentrations between 10(-12) and 10(-6) M. When xenografted, PE04 cells remain ER-positive and also possess progesterone receptors (PR); treatment with 17 beta-estradiol reduces the concentration of ER and increases levels of PR.