Mycobacterium tuberculosis treatment modalities and recent insights.

Antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by M. tuberculosis is a challenge due to poor response to therapy and recurrent infections. Under in vitro conditions, antibiotics effectively kill M.

Innate immune recognition of microbial cell wall components and microbial strategies to evade such recognitions.

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defence against invading microbes. The basis of this defence resides in the recognition of defined structural motifs of the microbes called "Microbial associated molecular patterns" that are absent in the host. Cell wall, the outer layer of both bacterial and fungal cells, a unique structure that is absent in the host and is recognized by the germ line encoded host receptors.

Efficacy of tetracycline encapsulated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles against intracellular infections of Staphylococcus aureus.

Intracellular bacterial infections are recurrent, persistent and are difficult to treat because of poor penetration and limited availability of antibiotics within macrophages and epithelial cells. We developed biocompatible, 200 nm sized tetracycline encapsulated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (Tet-O-CMC Nps) via ionic gelation for its sustained delivery of Tet into cells. S.