[Evaluation of whole blood immunoreactivity].

To assess cellular immunoreactivity, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Concanavalin A (Con A), or LPS together with Con A was added to the whole blood for 18 hours. LPS preferentially stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by blood cells, whereas Con A significantly enhanced secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-2. Addition of heparin to blood slightly decreased cellular secretion of IL-2 and VEGF, but not other cytokines.

Inflammation Control and Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Comprehensive Cancer Treatment.

Tumor growth and expansion are determined by the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME). Typically, early tumorigenic stages are characterized by the immune system not responding or weakly responding to the tumor. However, subsequent tumorigenic stages witness the tumor promoting its growth and metastasis by stimulating tumor-protective (pro-tumor) inflammation to suppress anti-tumor immune responses.

Therapeutic Stimulation of Glycolytic ATP Production for Treating ROS-Mediated Cellular Senescence.

Cellular senescence is conditioned through two interrelated processes, i.e., a reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels in mitochondria.

Oxygen therapy in traditional and immunotherapeutic treatment protocols of cancer patients: current reality and future prospects.

Introduction: The metabolic environment in ischemic and hypoxic tumors is known to contribute to cancer progression. Importantly, peculiar metabolic changes occurring in malignant cells (the increased glycolysis and the hampered Krebs cycle) may contribute to decreased antioxidant-dependent defense in ischemic and hypoxic tumors.

Areas Covered: In the clinic, oxygen saturation of tumors is usually achieved by the application of water-soluble ozone and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Clinically feasible and prospective immunotherapeutic interventions in multidirectional comprehensive treatment of cancer.

Introduction: The immune system is able to exert both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Immunotherapeutic technologies aim to enhance immune-based anti-tumor activity and (or) weaken tumor-protective immunity.

Areas Covered: Cancer vaccination, antibody (Ab)-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-based checkpoint molecule inhibition, Ab-based immunostimulation, cytokine therapy, oncoviral therapy, drug-mediated immunostimulation, exovesicular therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, neurohormonal immunorehabilitation, metabolic therapy, as well as adoptive cell immunotherapy, could be coherently used to synergize and amplify each other in achieving robust anti-cancer responses in cancer patients.