Postoperative Sinus Tract: A Rare Occurrence Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

A sinus tract is a rare clinical condition characterized by a blind-ended tubular structure extending from deeper tissues to the skin, commonly occurring postoperatively, especially after gastrointestinal surgeries. Its pathogenesis often involves the breakdown of fatty tissue, pyogenic infections, or the retention of foreign bodies such as surgical implants or sutures. One notable scenario includes sinus tract formation following laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to retained gallstones.

A Comparative Study of Hand-Sewn and Stapled Anastomosis in Gastrointestinal Surgeries.

Background Bowel anastomosis is a key part of gastrointestinal surgery where two sections of the intestines are connected. It is a critical step as it restores the digestive tract's continuity after removing damaged or diseased bowel. Stapler devices are a new method that helps connect bowel loops faster and with less tissue damage.

Inguinal Hernia Repair: Comparative Study between TEP versus Extended Totally Extraperitoneal.

Background: Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgical procedure, with laparoscopic techniques offering advantages over open surgery. The extended Totally Extraperitoneal (eTEP) technique provides a larger working space compared to the traditional Totally Extraperitoneal (TEP) approach, potentially improving outcomes.

Material And Methods: A prospective study was conducted comparing eTEP and TEP techniques for inguinal hernia repair at Padmashree Dr.

Multiple Sebaceous Cysts on the Scrotum: A Rare Surgical Occurrence.

A sebaceous cyst is a benign encapsulated, subepidermal nodule filled with keratin material. They are mostly seen in areas with body hair such as the scalp, face, neck back, and scrotum. Having several sebaceous cysts on the scrotum is an uncommon occurrence, and if they become infected or look unsightly, they should be removed.

Best Practices and Guidelines (2022) for Scale-up and Technology Transfer in Freeze Drying Based on Case Studies. Part 2: Past Practices, Current Best Practices, and Recommendations.

Scale-up and transfer of lyophilization processes remain very challenging tasks considering the technical challenges and the high cost of the process itself. The challenges in scale-up and transfer were discussed in the first part of this paper and include vial breakage during freezing at commercial scale, cake resistance differences between scales, impact of differences in refrigeration capacities, and geometry on the performance of dryers. The second part of this work discusses successful and unsuccessful practices in scale-up and transfer based on the experience of the authors.