Sex steroid hormones in depressive disorders as a basis for new potential treatment strategies.

The sex steroid hormones (SSHs) such as testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and their metabolites have important organizational and activational impacts on the brain during critical periods of brain development and in adulthood. A variety of slow and rapid mechanisms mediate both organizational and activational processes via intracellular or membrane receptors for SSHs. Physiological concentrations and distribution of SSHs in the brain result in normal brain development.

Molecular actions of sex hormones in the brain and their potential treatment use in anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent mood disorders that can lead to impaired quality of life. Current treatment of anxiety disorders has various adverse effects, safety concerns, or restricted efficacy; therefore, novel therapeutic targets need to be studied. Sex steroid hormones (SSHs) play a crucial role in the formation of brain structures, including regions of the limbic system and prefrontal cortex during perinatal development.

On the role of sex steroids in biological functions by classical and non-classical pathways. An update.

The sex steroid hormones (SSHs) play several roles in regulation of various processes in the cardiovascular, immune, muscular and neural systems. SSHs affect prenatal and postnatal development of various brain structures, including regions associated with important physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional functions. This action can be mediated by either intracellular or transmembrane receptors.

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury leads to sex-specific deficits in rearing and climbing in adult mice.

The study examined the morphological and long-term behavioral impacts of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a mouse model. We investigated the modification of different behavioral domains, such as spontaneous climbing, which represents fine motor skills. We also focused on sex-dependent differences during hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic damage: review of the current treatment possibilities.

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a disorder with heterogeneous manifestation due to asphyxia during perinatal period. It affects approximately 3-12 children per 1000 live births and cause death of 1 million neonates worldwide per year. Besides, motor disabilities, seizures, impaired muscle tone and epilepsy are few of the consequences of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.