MultiGreen: A multiplexing architecture for GreenGate cloning.

Genetic modification of plants fundamentally relies upon customized vector designs. The ever-increasing complexity of transgenic constructs has led to increased adoption of modular cloning systems for their ease of use, cost effectiveness, and rapid prototyping. GreenGate is a modular cloning system catered specifically to designing bespoke, single transcriptional unit vectors for plant transformation-which is also its greatest flaw.

[Physiopathological reasoning in the clinical diagnosis].

It is generally acknowledged that the causal approach is used very seldom and only in the late stages of the diagnostic process, when hypotheses are refined and verified. The hypotheses generation is supposed to take place in the very first stage of the medical process, and the approach most frequently used is the probabilistic one. It is also believed that owing to its explanatory function, causal reasoning should be used only--and only sparingly--when solving intricate metabolic and endocrinological cases.

[The presentation of clinical cases: the map is not the territory].

To establish their effectiveness for teaching purposes two different expository methods employed for the presentation of clinical cases are compared: the "traditional or conventional" expository method and the more recently introduced non-conventional expository method. The "traditional" expository method is characterized by its schematization and rigidity, which are features that misrepresent the real clinical situation. The non-conventional expository method is distinguished by its fluidity, by its different cognitive approach (iterative approach) and by its ability to make the cognitive processes underlying all clinical reasoning explicit.

[Anamnesis: a diagnostic passe-partout].

There is universal consensus that the anamnesis is a fundamental and irreplaceable phase both for the formulation of the diagnosis and for establishing the correct physician-patient relation. In a high percentage of cases the diagnostic hypothesis formulated during the history-taking is successively confirmed. The analysis of the structure of the anamnesis has demonstrated to realize a cognitive approach of phenomenological type.

[Anamnesis: expert systems and the rediscovery of Cinderella].

Up to today there is universal consensus that the anamnesis is a fundamental and unsubstitutable phase both for the formulation of the diagnosis and for establishing the correct physician-patient relationship. In a high percentage of cases the diagnostic hypothesis formulated during the history taking is successively confirmed. The analysis of the structure of the anamnesis has demonstrated that it realizes a cognitive approach of "phenomenological" type.