Organization of the Nuclei in the Tegument of Some Palaeacanthocephala and Archiacanthocephala.

The giant tegument nuclei of the acanthocephalans of the classes Archiacanthocephala and Palaeacanthocephala are fragmented at the final stage of cystacanthus formation in the intermediate host, but remain connected with each other during later life. It can be assumed that the fragments of each giant tegument nucleus are united with each other to form an independent network that ensures the vital activity of the tegument, the volume of which increases many times during the period of intensive growth of the parasite in the definitive host.

[Traumatic brain injury as risk factor of Alzheimer's disease and possibilities of pathogenetic therapy].

The article examines the potential role of brain mechanical damage as a trigger for the development of neurodegenerative changes. Attention is paid to dysfunction of the neurovascular unit, and disruption of the functional and compensatory capabilities of blood flow. The importance of microhemorrhages that occur in the acute period of injury and the formation of first focal and then diffuse neuroinflammation is emphasized.

Migration and ultrastructure of the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus gadi Zoega in Müller, 1776 in intermediate host under experimental conditions.

Amphipods Eogammarus tiuschovi were experimentally infected by the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus gadi (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae). Within the first four days post-infection, acanthors of the acanthocephalan caused the cellular response of the host, which ended with their complete encapsulation on day 4 post-infection. The acanthors obtained through the experiment were examined ultrastructurally.

Encapsulation of the Acanthocephalan (Rudolphi, 1802) LÜHE, 1904, in the Intermediate Host .

We describe the thin and ultra-thin structures of the envelopes surrounding the cystacanth of (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904, in its intermediate host. A total of 4,357 amphipods from 2 species were examined: (Brandt, 1851) and (Brandt, 1851). Eleven corynosome cystacanths were found in 6 specimens.

Encapsulation of the Acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris picae in Its Natural Paratenic Host, Lacerta agilis.

This study presents the structure of the capsule around the acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris picae (Rudolphi, 1819) Golvan, 1956, in its natural paratenic host, Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758. The capsule was composed of 2 layers: a thin, dense inner layer and a loose, thick outer layer. The inner layer was formed by macrophages and multinucleated cells.