[Dynamics of the Gamma-Responses Power at 8-second Interval between Facial and Trigger Stimuli Depending on the Success of the Job.].

This work was carried out on the model of cognitive set to facial expression under conditions of high load on working memory by lengthening interval between the facial and triggering stimuli to 8 seconds. The aim of this work was to try to reveal, there is the phenomenon of correspondence between the dynamics of gamma- responses (21-60 Hz) to the facial-stimuli and the real "success" of the job (number of mistakes in performing a task): To do this, we used a different method of estimating the power compared to the wavelet transform, as if it is applied in a previous worksuch a dependending was not revealed. In this paper we analyzed the index of the average amplitude, built in a similar method specific variation to estimate the power of gamma responses (range: gamma1-21-40 and gamma2-41-60 -Hz), which revealed correspondence between patterns of gamma responses and the number of subjects admitted mistakes.

Genome-wide analyses suggest parallel selection for universal traits may eclipse local environmental selection in a highly mobile carnivore.

Ecological and environmental heterogeneity can produce genetic differentiation in highly mobile species. Accordingly, local adaptation may be expected across comparatively short distances in the presence of marked environmental gradients. Within the European continent, wolves (Canis lupus) exhibit distinct north-south population differentiation.

[Power of gamma responses to facial expression at eight second interval between the target and trigger stimuli].

Power EEG gamma-band (21-60 Hz) in the process of forming and testing the cognitive set on the face expression is seen in conditions of the model, which provides a higher load on working memory by lengthening the intervals between the target and trigger stimuli to 8 s. The results are compared with data from previous experiments with increased load in the form of additional cognitive tasks, when there was an increase of gamma responses by "success" of the job subjects. In this study, the responses to set-stimuli were observed significant lower (relative to prestimulus period) in all groups of subjects that were treated as inhibition of gamma activity.

[The functional role of neocortical gamma activity in the process of interrelations between different areas].

In the context of understanding of the mechanisms of cognitive human accounting functional role in these processes of neocortical gamma activity, the science progress of the 21st century at least three new logically related directions are outstanding to: 1) combination with intracranial recordings by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has indicated a closely correlation between the level of power of high gamma-band (90-150 Hz) at corresponding localization and the level of blood oxygenation (responses BOLD; blood oxygenation level dependent), which provides an estimate of the dynamics of power in aspect of metabolic resources; 2) results parallel evaluation of parameters gamma activity (frequency, bandwidth, amplitude) in combination with the size of BOLD responses and the GABA concentration as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, formed the basis of hypothesis about the individual peculiarities (specific features) of the subject (trait); 3) new methods of measuring the phase synchrony of gamma frequencies has created the phenomenon of cross-frequency interaction (cross-frequency coupling, CFC) between phases of gamma oscillations with theta, alpha waves. This phenomenon is considered by some authors as the basis of interrelations of different separated networks, possibly providing approach to understanding of various aspects of defining the mechanisms of cognitive processes.

North-South differentiation and a region of high diversity in European wolves (Canis lupus).

European wolves (Canis lupus) show population genetic structure in the absence of geographic barriers, and across relatively short distances for this highly mobile species. Additional information on the location of and divergence between population clusters is required, particularly because wolves are currently recolonizing parts of Europe. We evaluated genetic structure in 177 wolves from 11 countries using over 67K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci.