Biomarkers.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder with a strong genetic component, yet many genetic risk factors remain unknown. Integrating genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and high-throughput proteomic platforms is a useful strategy to evaluate protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) and to detect candidate genes and pathways involved in AD. Due to the novelty of these techniques, the identification of reliable protein measures through a comprehensive quality control is mandatory.

Biomarkers.

Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex disorder and much of its etiopathology is still unknown. Here, we applied dimensionality reduction methods to disentangle cyptic patterns in CSF proteomic and lipidomic data.

Method: We studied 1121 CSF samples using targeted lipidomics based on liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS (mass spectrometry), generated by Lipometrix (Lueven, Belgium), and proteomic data generated by Somalogic (Boulder, Colorado) using the SOMAscan 7k Assay.

Cranial osteology and neuroanatomy of the late Permian reptile and implications for early reptile evolution.

Millerettidae are a group of superficially lizard-like Permian stem reptiles originally hypothesized as relevant to the ancestry of the reptile crown group, and particularly to lepidosaurs and archosaurs. Since the advent of cladistics, millerettids have typically been considered to be more distant relatives of crown reptiles as the earliest-diverging parareptiles and therefore outside of 'Eureptilia'. Despite this cladistic consensus, some conspicuous features of millerettid anatomy invite reconsideration of their relationships.

Size, not phylogeny, explains the morphology of the endosseous labyrinth in the crown clade Crocodylia.

The endosseous labyrinths are associated with several functions, including hearing and spatial orientation. Throughout their evolutionary history, crocodylomorphs have thrived in diverse environments, and the morphology of their endosseous labyrinths has been suggested as a proxy for inferring their lifestyle. However, the relationships between the shape of their endosseous labyrinths and ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors are difficult to interpret and have rarely been investigated in depth previously, particularly in terms of dataset size.

Intra-articular Synovial Ganglion of the Wrist.

Synovial ganglions, common soft tissue tumors of the hand and wrist, typically occur in the dorsal and volar aspects of the wrist, but intra-articular cases are rare. We present a case of a 27-year-old equestrian with persistent left wrist pain who was diagnosed with an intra-articular radiocarpal synovial ganglion after failed conservative management. Arthroscopic resection led to complete resolution of symptoms and functional recovery.