Short communication: Ovine leukocyte telomere length is associated with variation in the cortisol response to systemic bacterial endotoxin challenge.

Stress has been associated with biological aging and numerous age-related diseases. This may be due, in part, to accelerated shortening of telomeres, which are critical genomic structures that cap and protect chromosomal ends. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may indirectly contribute to telomere shortening if an animal reacts too strongly or weakly to a stressor, leading to accelerated biological aging.

Effect of Penicillium mycotoxins on the cytokine gene expression, reactive oxygen species production, and phagocytosis of bovine macrophage (BoMacs) function.

Bovine macrophages (BoMacs) were exposed to the following Penicillium mycotoxins (PM): citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA) and penicillic acid (PA). PM exposure at the concentration that inhibits proliferation by 25% (IC25) differentially for 24h altered the gene expression of various cytokines. OTA significantly induced IL-1α expression (p<0.

In vitro exposure of Penicillium mycotoxins with or without a modified yeast cell wall extract (mYCW) on bovine macrophages (BoMacs).

Penicillium mycotoxins (PMs) are contaminants that are frequently found in grain or crop-based silage for animal feed. Previously, we have characterized the potential immunotoxicity of the following PMs: citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and penicillic acid (PA) by using a bovine macrophage cell line (BoMacs). In the present study, cell proliferation was used as a bioassay endpoint to evaluate the efficacy of a modified yeast cell wall extract (mYCW), for preventing PM toxicity under various in vitro conditions such as the following: pH (3, 5, 7), incubation time (1, 2, 4, 6 h), percentage of mYCW (0.

Exposure to Penicillium mycotoxins alters gene expression of enzymes involved in the epigenetic regulation of bovine macrophages (BoMacs).

In this study, the modulation of key enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation was assessed in immortalized bovine macrophages (BoMacs) following in vitro exposure to the following Penicillium mycotoxins: citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA), penicillic acid (PA), or a combination of one of the above with OTA at the concentration that inhibits BoMac proliferation by 25 % (IC25). Real-time PCR analysis of the genes coding DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone demethylases (JMJD-3 and UTX), as well as the class-1 histone deacetylases (HDAC-1, -2, and -3) and histone acetylase (Bmi-1) was assessed following 6 h of mycotoxin exposure. A change in the expression of JMJD-3 as well as HDAC-3, MPA (p = 0.

A compartmental capillary, convolution integration model to investigate nutrient transport and metabolism in vivo from paired indicator/nutrient dilution curves.

Thirty-three paired indicator/nutrient dilution curves across the mammary glands of four cows were obtained after rapid injection of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) plus glucose into the external iliac artery. For the measurement of extracellular volume and kinetics of nutrient uptake from indicator dilution curves, several models of solute dispersion and disappearance have been proposed. The Crone-Renkin models of exchange in a single capillary assume negligible washout of solutes from the extracellular space and do not describe entire dilution curves.