GABA is a modulator, rather than a classical transmitter, in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body-lateral superior olive sound localization circuit.

Key Points: The lateral superior olive (LSO), a brainstem hub involved in sound localization, integrates excitatory and inhibitory inputs from the ipsilateral and the contralateral ear, respectively. In gerbils and rats, inhibition to the LSO reportedly shifts from GABAergic to glycinergic within the first three postnatal weeks. Surprisingly, we found no evidence for synaptic GABA signalling during this time window in mouse LSO principal neurons.

Impaired Glycine Receptor Trafficking in Neurological Diseases.

Ionotropic glycine receptors (GlyRs) enable fast synaptic neurotransmission in the adult spinal cord and brainstem. The inhibitory GlyR is a transmembrane glycine-gated chloride channel. The immature GlyR protein undergoes various processing steps, e.

PKA and PKC Modulators Affect Ion Channel Function and Internalization of Recombinant Alpha1 and Alpha1-Beta Glycine Receptors.

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are important mediators of fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Their function is controlled by multiple cellular mechanisms, including intracellular regulatory processes. Modulation of GlyR function by protein kinases has been reported for many cell types, involving different techniques, and often yielding contradictory results.

The factor time in fetal heart rate monitoring and the detection of acidosis using the WAS score.

Background: Using the naked eye evaluation of fetal heart rate (fhr) patterns remains difficult and is not complete. Computer-aided analysis of the fhr offers the opportunity to analyze fhr patterns completely and to detect all changes due to hypoxia and acidosis. It was the goal of this study to analyze the factor time in fetal monitoring and to evaluate the association between the fhr and the actual pH values in arterial umbilical blood.

Fetal heart rate patterns during delivery complicated by hypoxia and acidosis - a computer-aided analysis.

Background: Using the naked eye, evaluation of fetal heart-rate (FHR) patterns remains difficult and is not complete. Computer-aided analysis of the FHR offers the opportunity to analyse FHR patterns completely and to detect all changes possibly due to hypoxia and acidosis. It was the goal of this study to make these hypoxic changes of the FHR visible and to compare them directly with normal tracings.