Transcribed enhancer sequences are required for maize p1 paramutation.

Paramutation is a transfer of heritable silencing states between interacting endogenous alleles or between endogenous alleles and homologous transgenes. Prior results demonstrated that paramutation occurs at the P1-rr (red pericarp and red cob) allele of the maize p1 (pericarp color 1) gene when exposed to a transgene containing a 1.2-kb enhancer fragment (P1.

Oxidative Stress-Induced Liver Damage and Remodeling of the Liver Vasculature.

As an organ critically important for targeting and clearing viruses, bacteria, and other foreign material, the liver operates via immune-tolerant, anti-inflammatory mechanisms indispensable to the immune response. Stress and stress-induced factors disrupt the homeostatic balance in the liver, inflicting tissue damage, injury, and remodeling. These factors include oxidative stress (OS) induced by viral infections, environmental toxins, drugs, alcohol, and diet.

Using Peer Discussion to Create a SOAP Note in Graduate Clinical Nursing Education.

Faculty in graduate nursing education have been challenged when teaching first-year family nurse practitioner students to accurately assess a patient and build a subjective, objective, assessment, and plan note (SOAP note) through history taking and patient interviews. Students' familiarity with peer discussion can assist with learning the SOAP note process. Using peer discussion, faculty were able to make the learning process student friendly and useful in future clinical settings.

RNA expression and disease tolerance are associated with a "keystone mutation" in the ochre sea star .

An overdominant mutation in an intron of the elongation factor 1- (EF1A) gene in the sea star has shown itself to mediate tolerance to "sea star wasting disease", a pandemic that has significantly reduced sea star populations on the Pacific coast of North America. Here we use RNA sequencing of healthy individuals to identify differences in constitutive expression of gene regions that may help explain this tolerance phenotype. Our results show that individuals carrying this mutation have lower expression at a large contingent of gene regions.