Non-invasive recording of heartbeats in Danio rerio and Daphnia magna to assess the toxicity of imidacloprid and glyphosate.

Non-invasive optical registration and subsequent analysis of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in transparent aquatic animals have recently been proposed as convenient toxicological endpoints, well-suited for automation data acquisition and processing. This approach was evaluated in experiments involving juvenile Daphnia magna and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to glyphosate solutions (20 mg/L, 2 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, and 0.