Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: a pictorial essay.

Understanding the anatomy of the ankle ligaments is important for correct diagnosis and treatment. Ankle ligament injury is the most frequent cause of acute ankle pain. Chronic ankle pain often finds its cause in laxity of one of the ankle ligaments.

Genetic association study of coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease using 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms corresponding to 10 genes involved in postischemic neovascularization.

Background: Collateral growth in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is highly heterogeneous. Although multiple factors are thought to play a role in collateral development, the contribution of genetic factors to coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is largely unknown. The goal of this study was to assess whether functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in vascular growth are associated with CCC.

The PLAU P141L single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease.

Introduction And Objectives: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which is encoded by the PLAU gene, plays a prominent role during collateral arterial growth. We investigated whether the PLAU P141L (C > T) polymorphism, which causes a mutation in the kringle domain of the protein, is associated with coronary collateral circulation in a cohort of 676 patients with coronary artery disease.

Methods: The polymorphism was genotyped in blood samples using a TaqMan-based genotyping assay, and collateral circulation was assessed by the Rentrop method.

The HIF1A C85T single nucleotide polymorphism influences the number of branches of the human coronary tree.

Objectives: Hypoxia is required for the development of the cardiovascular system. Tissue adaptation to low oxygen is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Hypoxia-driven gradients of vascular endothelial growth factor within the heart drive vessel tip sprouting and the angiogenic phase of vasculogenesis.

Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: a pictorial essay.

Understanding the anatomy of the ankle ligaments is important for correct diagnosis and treatment. Ankle ligament injury is the most frequent cause of acute ankle pain. Chronic ankle pain often finds its cause in laxity of one of the ankle ligaments.