The Relationship of the Facial Nerve to the Condylar Process: A Cadaveric Study with Implications for Open Reduction Internal Fixation.

Introduction. The mandibular condyle is the most common site of mandibular fracture. Surgical treatment of condylar fractures by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) demands direct visualization of the fracture.

Functional reconstruction of total lower lip defects using innervated gracilis flap in the setting of high-energy ballistic injury to the lower face: preliminary report.

Background: Reconstruction of total full-thickness lower lip defects combined with extensive composite mandibular defects particularly in the setting of close-range high-energy ballistic injury presents a formidable challenge for the reconstructive plastic surgeon. While the fibular flap has been widely accepted for its usefulness in the reconstruction of composite mandibular defects, to date, there is no definitive widely established method of total lower lip reconstruction. The article presents authors' approach using innervated gracilis muscle flap for total lower lip reconstruction in the setting of high-energy gunshot injuries to the face.

Oral infections and antibiotic therapy.

Oral infections commonly originate from an odontogenic source in adults and from tonsil and lymphatic sources in children. Odontogenic infections arise from advanced dental caries or periodontal disease. Oral trauma, radiation injury, chemotherapy mucositis, salivary gland infection, lymph node abscess, and postoperative infection are potential nonodontogenic sources of infections that could potentially be life threatening.

History and physical examination, screening and diagnostic testing.

The oral medicine specialist and oral pathologist are the disciplined subspecialists in dentistry who deal with oral disease and related systemic conditions. Dental colleagues are an invaluable resource for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases unfamiliar to the otolaryngologist. This article reviews the process of history taking, the physical examination, head and neck examination, oral soft tissue anatomy, the oral examination, and screening and diagnostic testing.