Immunohistochemical expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the different types of lesions associated with bovine paratuberculosis.

The factors that determine the appearance of the different pathologic forms associated with bovine paratuberculosis are not fully understood, but new research suggests a critical role of innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the recognition of invading pathogens by innate immune cells and the onset of specific immune responses. The aim of this work was to assess, immunohistochemically, the expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in intestinal samples of 20 cows showing different types of paratuberculous lesions: uninfected controls, focal lesions, paucibacillary, and multibacillary diffuse forms.

Comparative Evaluation of the Corneal Sensitivity Thresholds between the Novel Non-Contact and Cochet-Bonnet Esthesiometers.

Purpose: Primarily, to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the new non-contact esthesiometer (NCE) in healthy subjects. Secondarily, the corneal sensitivity threshold measurements of the NCE were compared with those of the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer (CBE).

Design: Assessment reliability study.

Pilot-scale biogas desulfurization through anoxic biofiltration.

In this study, the performance of a pilot-scale biotrickling filter (BTF) for anoxic hydrogen sulfide (HS) removal from real biogas was evaluated over 226 days. The BTF, inoculated with activated sludge from a nearby wastewater treatment plant, operated in an industrial environment with raw biogas from an anaerobic digester fed with municipal solid waste. The operating strategy was based on controlling nitrate consumption by sulfur-oxidizing nitrate-reducing (SO-NR) bacteria.

Filtering out the noise: metagenomic classifiers optimize ancient DNA mapping.

Contamination with exogenous DNA presents a significant challenge in ancient DNA (aDNA) studies of single organisms. Failure to address contamination from microbes, reagents, and present-day sources can impact the interpretation of results. Although field and laboratory protocols exist to limit contamination, there is still a need to accurately distinguish between endogenous and exogenous data computationally.