Calretinin-Expressing Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Specifically Contact Granule Cells in the Olfactory Bulb and Modulate Odor Learning.

GABAergic neurons in basal forebrain (BF) nuclei project densely to all layers of the mouse main olfactory bulb (OB), the first relay in odor information processing. However, BF projection neurons are diverse, and the contribution of each subtype to odor information processing is not known. In the present study, we used retrograde and anterograde tracing methods together with whole-brain light-sheet analyses, patch-clamp recordings coupled with optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches during spontaneous odor discrimination, and go/no-go odor discrimination/learning tests to characterize the synaptic targets in the OB of BF calretinin-expressing (CR+) GABAergic cells and to reveal their functional implications.

Long-term effects of siponimod on cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background: Siponimod, a second-generation, selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) 1 and 5 modulator, represents an important therapeutic choice for active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Besides the beneficial immunomodulatory effects, siponimod impacts cardiovascular function through S1PR1 modulation. Short-term vagomimetic effects on cardiac activity have proved to be mitigated by dose titration.

Distinct forms of structural plasticity of adult-born interneuron spines in the mouse olfactory bulb induced by different odor learning paradigms.

The morpho-functional properties of neural networks constantly adapt in response to environmental stimuli. The olfactory bulb is particularly prone to constant reshaping of neural networks because of ongoing neurogenesis. It remains unclear whether the complexity of distinct odor-induced learning paradigms and sensory stimulation induces different forms of structural plasticity.

S1P receptor modulators and the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review.

Unlabelled: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor (S1PR) modulators have a complex mechanism of action, which are among the most efficient therapeutic options in multiple sclerosis (MS) and represent a promising approach for other immune-mediated diseases. The S1P signaling pathway involves the activation of five extracellular S1PR subtypes (S1PR1-S1PR5) that are ubiquitous and have a wide range of effects. Besides the immunomodulatory beneficial outcome in MS, S1P signaling regulates the cardiovascular function S1PR1-S1PR3 subtypes, which reside on cardiac myocytes, endothelial, and vascular smooth muscle cells.