Using choice architecture to exploit a university Distinct Urban Mine.

There are widespread concerns regarding the potential future scarcity of ferrous and non-ferrous materials. However, there are already potentially rich reserves of secondary materials via high ownership of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) in economically-developed nations. Young people are particularly high consumers of EEE, thus university students and campuses may present an opportunity to harness this potential.

The social context of experimenting with cigarettes: American Indian "start stories".

Smoking rates among American Indians are higher than any other racial or ethnic group. Focus groups were conducted with 140 American Indian middle school students who were not living on reservations to explore the social context of smoking initiation. Most teens smoked their first cigarettes with friends, siblings or cousins, usually out of curiosity, or in response to peer encouragement.

An exploration of the influence of family on cigarette smoking among American Indian adolescents.

American Indians have the highest smoking rate of all major racial/ethnic groups in the US, despite significant variation across tribes and regions of the country. Yet, little research has been conducted on smoking initiation among American Indian adolescents. In an effort to identify the mechanisms through which families influence teen smoking, both positively and negatively, 20 focus groups were conducted with 144 non-reservation American Indian teens in Oklahoma.

Quality assurance and iron deficiency in Egypt.

Objective: To develop an intervention in rural Egypt to address the problem of iron deficiency anemia and to demonstrate the effectiveness of applying quality assurance (QA) methods in combating this.

Design: Assessment of an intervention study utilizing QA methods.

Setting: Rural primary care clinics in Egypt.

Real-ear measurements in conductive hearing loss: discrepancies between probe-tube microphone measurements and sound field test results.

This study was designed to investigate earlier observations that probe-tube microphone measurements of insertion gain overestimates the functional gain received from hearing aids by users with significant conductive hearing losses. This was originally thought to be due to artefacts in the probe-tube measurement caused by middle ear pathology, but is now believed to be the result of the bone conduction stimulation of the ear exposed to high intensities of airborne sound during sound field threshold measurements. Since the functional gain must relate to the true aided benefit in such cases, these findings suggest that probe-tube microphone measurements in ears with significant air-bone gaps should be interpreted with caution.