CD9 controls the formation of clusters that contain tetraspanins and the integrin alpha 6 beta 1, which are involved in human and mouse gamete fusion.

The process of gamete fusion has been largely studied in the mouse and has revealed the crucial role of the tetraspanin CD9. By contrast, human gamete fusion remains largely unknown. We now show that an anti-alpha 6 integrin mAb (GoH3) strongly inhibited human sperm-egg fusion in human zona-free eggs.

World Health Organization grade 'a' motility and zona-binding test accurately predict IVF outcome for mild male factor and unexplained infertilities.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the pronostic value of a sperm-zona pellucida (ZP) binding assay, combined with World Health Organization (WHO) grade 'a' sperm motility on the day of the IVF attempt, to predict sperm fertilizing ability in unexplained and moderate male factor infertilities.

Methods: In total, 84 couples (64 unexplained infertility; 20 male factor) underwent both a sperm-ZP binding assay and an IVF attempt, irrespective of the test's result. The test was negative when grade 'a' motility was #5% and/or the ZP binding index was <0.

The design of vegetative constructed wetlands for the treatment of highway runoff.

The Environment Agency for England and Wales are responsible for assessing the effects of highway runoff and for monitoring the treatment systems/procedures which have been introduced for the reduction of deleterious effects. The Agency is looking into the improvement of surface water management in terms of best management practices and plans to work in partnership with the Highways Agency to achieve this aim. Among the treatment options being considered are constructed wetlands.