Mining Translation Inhibitors by a Unique Peptidyl-Aminonucleoside Synthetase Reveals Cystocin Biosynthesis and Self-Resistance.

Puromycin (Puro) is a natural aminonucleoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by its incorporation into elongating peptide chains. The unique mechanism of Puro finds diverse applications in molecular biology, including the selection of genetically engineered cell lines, in situ protein synthesis monitoring, and studying ribosome functions. However, the key step of Puro biosynthesis remains enigmatic.

Cardiac-Sympathetic Contractility and Neural Alpha-Band Power: Cross-Modal Collaboration during Approach-Avoidance Conflict.

As evidence mounts that the cardiac-sympathetic nervous system reacts to challenging cognitive settings, we ask if these responses are epiphenomenal companions or if there is evidence suggesting a more intertwined role of this system with cognitive function. Healthy male and female human participants performed an approach-avoidance paradigm, trading off monetary reward for painful electric shock, while we recorded simultaneous electroencephalographic and cardiac-sympathetic signals. Participants were reward sensitive but also experienced approach-avoidance "conflict" when the subjective appeal of the reward was near equivalent to the revulsion of the cost.

Menstrual cycle-driven hormone concentrations co-fluctuate with white and gray matter architecture changes across the whole brain.

Cyclic fluctuations in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG-axis) hormones exert powerful behavioral, structural, and functional effects through actions on the mammalian central nervous system. Yet, very little is known about how these fluctuations alter the structural nodes and information highways of the human brain. In a study of 30 naturally cycling women, we employed multidimensional diffusion and T-weighted imaging during three estimated menstrual cycle phases (menses, ovulation, and mid-luteal) to investigate whether HPG-axis hormone concentrations co-fluctuate with alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure, cortical thickness (CT), and brain volume.

Effects of Lithium Ions on tPA-Induced Hemorrhagic Transformation under Stroke.

Thrombolytic therapy with the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a therapeutic option for acute ischemic stroke. However, this approach is subject to several limitations, particularly the increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Lithium salts show neuroprotective effects in stroke, but their effects on HT mechanisms are still unknown.

TLR3-mediated Astrocyte Responses in High and Normal Glucose Adaptation Differently Regulated by Metformin.

Toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) are innate immune receptors expressed on a wide range of cell types, including glial cells. Inflammatory responses altered by hyperglycemia highlight the need to explore the molecular underpinnings of these changes in cellular models. Therefore, here we estimated TLR3-mediated response of astrocytes cultured at normal (NG, 5 mM) and high (HG, 22.