Morpho-physiological digestive features of genetically closely related sympatric lacustrine whitefish forms with different feeding habits.

The effect of different feeding habits on gut morphology and digestive function has been intensively studied during the last decades but sympatric closely related fishes are relatively rare objects of such studies. In the present study, we have identified both morphological and physiological changes in the digestive system of a sympatric pair of whitefish represented by "normal" Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (benthivorous) and "dwarf" C. l.

Reaction Pathways and Redox States in α-Selective Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroborations of Alkynes.

Cobalt(II) alkyl complexes supported by a monoanionic NNN pincer ligand are pre-catalysts for the regioselective hydroboration of terminal alkynes, yielding the Markovnikov products with α:β-(E) ratios of up to 97:3. A cobalt(II) hydride and a cobalt(II) vinyl complex appear to determine the main reaction pathway. In a background reaction the highly reactive hydrido species specifically converts to a coordinatively unsaturated cobalt(I) complex which was found to re-enter the main catalytic cycle.

Tackling N-Alkyl Imines with 3d Metal Catalysis: Highly Enantioselective Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Chiral Amines.

A readily activated iron alkyl precatalyst effectively catalyzes the highly enantioselective hydroboration of N-alkyl imines. Employing a chiral bis(oxazolinylmethylidene)isoindoline pincer ligand, the asymmetric reduction of various acyclic N-alkyl imines provided the corresponding α-chiral amines in excellent yields and with up to >99 % ee. The applicability of this base metal catalytic system was further demonstrated with the synthesis of the pharmaceuticals Fendiline and Tecalcet.

Borohydride intermediates pave the way for magnesium-catalysed enantioselective ketone reduction.

A magnesium precatalyst for the highly enantioselective hydro-boration of C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds is reported. The mechanistic basis of the unprecedented selectivity of this transformation has been investi-gated experimentally by isolation of catalytic intermediates and theoretically by DFT calculations. The facile formation of a magnesium borohydride species is critical in overcoming competing pathways in the selectivity-determining insertion step.

[Impairments of cognitive control in patients with somatoform disorders and their treatment].

Aim: To study impairments of cognitive control in patients with somatoform disorders (SD) and to evaluate the efficacy of recognan in the treatment of this pathology.

Material And Methods: Forty-six patients with SD, aged from 18 to 45 years, were studied. A clinical history, neurological examination, and assessment of autonomic disorders were collected from all patients.