Polymicrobial consortia in the pathogenesis of biofilm vaginosis visualized by FISH. Historic review outlining the basic principles of the polymicrobial infection theory.

The manuscript disputes the exclusive mono-infectious way of thinking, which presumes that for every infection only one pathogen is responsible and sufficient, when infectious vectors, close contact and reduced immunity meet. In situations involving heavily colonized anatomical sites such an approach often ends in insoluble contradictions. Upon critical reflection and evaluation of 20 years research on spatial organization of vaginal microbiota it is apparent, that in some situations, pathogens may act and operate in permanent, structurally organized consortia, whereas its individual components may be innocuous and innocent, failing to express any pathogenic effect.

Clue Cells and Pseudo Clue Cells in Different Morphotypes of Bacterial Vaginosis.

Introduction: Clue cells (epithelial cells heavily covered with adherent bacteria) are an accepted clue to the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. However, the exact morphologic criteria of clue cells and bacterial adherence were never elaborated.

Materials And Methods: We investigated adhesive and cohesive patterns of main microbiota groups in vaginal discharge using fluorescence hybridization (FISH).

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microbiota in Bacterial Vaginosis Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization.

Background: Testing of antibiotic resistance of intact vaginal microbiota in pure culture is not feasible.

Methods: Metronidazole, antiseptic octenisept, antimycotic ciclopirox, bacterial probiotic , yeast probiotic -phage-endolysin named phagolysin and phagolysin in combination with probiotics were tested for bacteriolytic activity. Included were vaginal swabs from 38 random women with Amsel-confirmed bacterial vaginosis (BV).

Reduced Mass and Diversity of the Colonic Microbiome in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Their Improvement with Ketogenic Diet.

Colonic microbiome is thought to be involved in auto-immune multiple sclerosis (MS). Interactions between diet and the colonic microbiome in MS are unknown. We compared the composition of the colonic microbiota quantitatively in 25 MS patients and 14 healthy controls.

Impact of humic acids on the colonic microbiome in healthy volunteers.

Aim: To test the effects of humic acids on innate microbial communities of the colon.

Methods: We followed the effects of oral supplementation with humic acids (Activomin) on concentrations and composition of colonic microbiome in 14 healthy volunteers for 45 d. 3 × 800 mg Activomin were taken orally for 10 d followed by 3 × 400 mg for 35 d.