is overexpressed in keloid keratinocytes and its inhibition alters profibrotic gene expression.

Background: Keloids are disfiguring, fibrotic scar-like lesions that are challenging to treat and commonly recur after therapy. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving keloid formation is necessary for the development of more effective therapies. Reduced vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression has been observed in keloids, implicating vitamin D signaling in keloid pathology.

Icing the Muffin (Sponge): An Easily Reproducible and Cost-Effective Dressing Technique Used for Nipple Areola Reconstruction.

Nipple areola reconstruction is an integral part of breast reconstruction and serves as the "cherry on top" of the reconstructed breast. These delicate tissues need protection and stabilization. There are many techniques to dress skin grafts and the NAC.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Practice of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgeons.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the practice of hand and upper extremity surgeons. Methods We assessed how the pandemic affected the practice on multiple fronts including professional, personal, and practice aspects. The survey was conducted through an online questionnaire that had six sections: demographics, clinic, elective surgery, emergency surgery, urgent surgery, and human resources.

The bilobed flap - a better option for soft tissue release in the management of Radial Club Hand.

Objective: To establish that the bilobed flap as soft tissue release component for the radial club hand is superior to the z-plasty technique in type III and IV radial club hands.

Methods: This study was conducted at the Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from 2009 to 2015, and comprised patients with radial club hands operated by a single consultant plastic surgeon. Soft tissue release was performed at 08 months.

Congenital alveolar synechiae with cleft palate.

Congential maxillomandibular fusion or jaw adhesions is a rare entity. It is often associated with other congenital anomalies like cleft palate and is characterized by restricted mouth opening. This unusual presentation of congenital alveolar synechiae is highlighted in a 15 days old baby boy.

Schwannoma of the brachial plexus; report of two cases involving the C7 root.

Brachial plexus schwannomas are rare tumors. They are benign nerve sheath tumors and only about 5% of Schwannoma arise from the brachial plexus. They pose a great challenge to surgeons due to their rare occurrence and complex anatomical location.